In conversation with… Balkrishna Doshi

[ES] El arquitecto indio Balkrishna Doshi, Premio Pritzker 2018, ha cumplido recientemente noventa y dos años en plena y entusiasta dedicación a su vocación arquitectónica y a su familia. El catedrático de proyectos arquitectónicos de la UPV, José María Lozano Velasco, ha tenido la oportunidad de encontrarse con él en Sangath -su estudio en Ahmedabad- el pasado mes de agosto, para compartir preocupaciones comunes y aprender de este maestro de la arquitectura que no desea ser llamado así.Cuando apenas acaba de clausurarse la segunda oportunidad –esta vez en el Architekmuseum der TUM de la Pinacoteca Moderna de Munich- para conocer de manera cuidadosa su obra, a través de la espléndida exposición denominada Architecture for the people que produjera el VITRA museum de Weil an Rhein, las reflexiones de primera mano y de viva -muy viva- voz de su autor resultan esclarecedoras para su mejor compresión.Es conocida la inestimable colaboración que Doshi prestó al gran maestro Le Corbusier en la concepción y ejecución de Chandigarh. También la imprescindible participación de nuestro arquitecto en el Campus del Indian Institute of Management de Ahmedabad de Louis Khan. E interesante estudiar la influencia de uno y otro en su obra primera. Como observar su evolución hacia la magia de Amdavad ni Gufa o su profunda atención por el Low cost housing, que en el distrito construido de Aranya, Indore, cobra realidad.No han faltado los estudios de colegas y amigos como William Curtis o Kenneth Frampton que, con más autoridad que nosotros, se han pronunciado al respecto.Este artículo es el resultado del conocimiento de todo ello y de las visitas realizadas a gran parte de la obra, más la enriquecedora conversación sostenida con su autor. Y su enfoque es otro. Hemos querido indagar en aquellas razones que hicieron denominar la primera época de Doshi como “Tradition and modernity”, en las más mágicas (o míticas, como él mismo las denomina) y en la principal herramienta para transmitirlas: el dibujo (y el dibujo de color).El artículo incluye transcripciones literales o adaptadas de algunos pasajes del encuentro, contextualizadas oportunamente.[EN] Indian architect Balkrishna Doshi, 2018 Pritzker Prize, has recently turned 92, remaining in full and enthusiastic dedication to his architectural vocation and his family. José María Lozano Velasco, UPV architectural project Professor, had the opportunity to meet him at Sangath– his studio in Ahmedabad– last August, to share common concerns and learn from this architectural master, though he eschews being given such titles. Right when the second opportunity to get to know his work in detail had just concluded –this time at the Architekmuseum der TUM, part of Munich’s Pinakothek der Moderne art museum– through the splendid exhibition called Architecture for the people produced by the VITRA museum of Weil am Rhein, the author’s first-hand reflections in his own voice are enlightening for better comprehension of his work.It is well-known the invaluable collaboration that Doshi maintained with the great master Le Corbusier in the conception and execution of Chandigarh, in addition to the essential participation of our architect on the Campus of the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad of Louis Khan. It is also interesting to study the influence of both his first works as well as to observe his evolution towards the magic of Amdavad ni Gufa or his deep concern for low-cost housing, which in the district of Aranya, Indore, becomes a reality.We cannot preclude the studies of colleagues and friends such as William Curtis or Kenneth Frampton who, with more authority than us, have addressed the matter.This article is the result of the compiled knowledge and consideration given to the large part of the work plus the enriching conversation with its author. However, its approach is different as we have intended to investigate those reasons that made the first Doshi period be known as “Tradition and Modernity”, using the most magical (or mythical, as he likes to refer to them) and main tool to transmit them: the drawing (and the coloured drawing).This article includes literal or adapted transcripts from some passages of the meeting and have been contextualized for more better readability.Durán Fernández, J.; Lozano Portillo, A.; Lozano Velasco, JM. (2021). Conversando con... Balkrishna Doshi. EGA Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 26(43):16-37. https://doi.org/10.4995/ega.2021.16607OJS1637264

From brick to concrete in the work by Rogelio Salmona

[EN] The work built by Colombian architect Rogelio Salmona remains bound in contemporary architectural culture, to the very tectonic and even virtuoso use of brick. His roots and European training and the influence of Le Corbusier, with whom he worked, collaborating closely, are always present in his organizational and spatial design. The exposed concrete, a base material in the final formalization of his buildings, was adopting an increasingly less subsidiary role until it became the focus of one of his latest creations. El central cultural Gabriel García Márquez represents a turning point that is reviewed herein, relating it to his background and his theoretical and conceptual approaches.[ES] La obra construida por el arquitecto colombiano Rogelio Salmona permanece vinculada, en la cultura arquitectónica contemporánea, al uso muy tectónico y hasta virtuoso del ladrillo visto. Sus raíces y su formación europea y la influencia de Le Corbusier, con quien trabajó colaborando estrechamente, están siempre presentes en su concepción espacial y organizativa. El hormigón visto, material básico en la definitiva formalización de sus construcciones, fue adoptando un papel cada vez menos subsidiario hasta protagonizar alguna de sus últimas creaciones. El Centro Cultural Gabriel García Márquez representa un punto de inflexión que revisamos relacionándolo con sus antecedentes y sus planteamientos teóricos y conceptuales.Lozano Velasco, JM.; Lozano Portillo, A.; Montoya Arenas, C.; Ruiz Taroncher, A. (2013). Del ladrillo al hormigón en la obra de Rogelio Salmona. EN BLANCO. Revista de Arquitectura. 5(12):30-35. doi:10.4995/eb.2013.6594SWORD3035512CASTRO, Ricardo L. Salmona. Bogotá: Villegas Editores,1998. 239p. ISBN: 9789589393581CASTRO, Ricardo L., VILLEGAS, Benjamin, SALMONA, Rogelio. Rogelio Salmona, Tributo. Bogotá: Villegas Editores, 2008. 199p. ISBN: 9789588306155ECO, Umberto; Obra abierta: Forma e indeterminación en el arte contemporáneo. Perujo, Francisca (trad.) Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1965. 355p. ISBN: 9788432201271ECO, Umberto. La Estructura ausente. Serra, Francisco (trad.) Barcelona: Lumen, 1978. 520p. ISBN: 978-84-264-4000-6RAPOPORT, Amos. Aspectos humanos de la forma urbana: hacia una confrontación de las ciencias sociales con el dise-o de la forma urbana. Munta-ola, Josep (trad.) Barcelona, Gustavo Gili, 1978. 384p. ISBN: 9788425207181SALMONA, Rogelio. "La arquitectura desde el lugar". Arquitectonics. Mind, land & society. Josep Munta-ola. Edicions UPC, Barcelona, 2008. ISBN: 9788483019443TÉLLEZ, Germán. Rogelio Salmona, Obra Completa 1959/2005. Bogotá: Fondo Editorial Escala, 2006. 711p. ISBN: 9789589747339WAISMAN, Marina y NAISELLI, César. 10 Arquitectos Latinoamericanos. Andalucía. Consejería de Obras Públicas y Transportes, 1989. 227p. ISBN: 84-87001-80-

Loos and Venturi & Scott Brown. From an ornament in modernity to a post-modern symbol

[ES] Bien pudiera afirmarse que Adolf Loos y Robert Venturi junto con Denise Scott Brown, marcaron el inicio de dos de los movimiento arquitectónicos más importantes del Siglo XX. Sus escritos sirvieron para fundar los postulados del Movimiento Moderno y de la Posmodernidad. A pesar de tratarse de arquitectos tan diferentes, sus actitudes no son tan distintas, al defender una arquitectura honesta, cargada de mensaje y dispuestos a transgredir los dogmas pasados, al no considerarlos ya aptos para la sociedad de su momento. Permítasenos elegir dos ejemplos de cierto carisma. El proyecto de la casa para Josephine Baker sirve para ilustrar la posición de Adolf Loos. Se trata de un proyecto cargado de simbolismo, donde la propia fachada se convierte en mensaje. Décadas más tarde, Venturi & Scott Brown construirían al otro lado del Atlántico la Guild House, el primer gran edificio etiquetado como posmodernista por su carga simbólica y el uso irónico del ornamento, en gran parte debido a la falsa antena. Estos proyectos del maestro austriaco y de Robert Venturi & Denise Scott Brown sirven también para ilustrar su teoría, convirtiéndose de esta manera en manifiestos construidos. Teorías que hoy siguen perdurando.[EN] It could be said that Adolf Loos and Robert Venturi together with Denise Scott Brown, marked the beginning of the most important architectural movements in the 20th century. Their writings served to establish the hypothesis of the Modern Movement and Post-Modernity. Despite dealing with very different architects, their attitudes are not very different when defending an honest architecture, full of message and willing to break with past dogmas, since they are not considered appropriate for current society. Allow us to choose two examples of a certain charisma. The house designed for Josephine Baker serves to illustrate the position of Adolf Loos. This is a project full of symbolism, where the facade itself becomes a message. Decades later, Venturi & Scott Brown will build on the other side of the Atlantic, the Guild House, the first great building labelled as post modernist for its symbolic load and its ironic use of ornaments, mainly due to the false antenna. These designs by the Austrian master and Robert Venturi & Denise Scott Brown also serve to demonstrate their theory, becoming therefore built manifests. Theories that today live on.Arnau Orenga, PI.; Bruns Banegas, S.; Lozano Velasco, JM. (2019). Loos y Venturi & Scott Brown. Del ornamento en la modernidadal símbolo postmoderno. EN BLANCO. Revista de Arquitectura. 11(27):106-119. https://doi.org/10.4995/eb.2019.12054SWORD106119112

A C˄S-cyclometallated gold(III) complex as novel antibacterial candidate against drug-resistant bacteria

The worldwide emergence and spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria endangers the efficacy of current antibiotics in the clinical setting. The lack of new antibiotics in the pipeline points to the need of developing new strategies. Recently, gold-based drugs are being repurposed for antibacterial applications. Among them, gold(III) complexes have received increasing attention as metal-based anticancer agents. However, reports on their antibacterial activity are scarce due to stability issues. The present work demonstrates the antibacterial activity of the gold(III) complex 2 stabilized as C∧S-cycloaurated containing a diphenylphosphinothioic amide moiety, showing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values that ranged from 4 to 8 and from 16 to 32 mg/L among Gram-positive and Gram-negative multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, respectively. Complex 2 has a biofilm inhibitory activity of only two to four times than its MIC. We also describe for the first time a potent antibacterial synergistic effect of a gold(III) complex combined with colistin, showing a bactericidal effect in less than 2 h; confirming the role of the outer membrane as a permeability barrier. Complex 2 shows a low rate of internalization in Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii; it does not interact with replication enzymes or efflux pumps, causes ultrastructural damages in both membrane and cytoplasmic levels, and permeabilizes the bacterial membrane. Unlike control antibiotics, complex 2 did not generate resistant mutants in 30-day sequential cultures. We detected lower cytotoxicity in a non-tumoral THLE-2 cell line (IC50 = 25.5 μM) and no acute toxicity signs in vivo after an i.v. 1-mg/kg dose. The characterization presented here reassures the potential of complex 2 as a new chemical class of antimicrobial agents

Aplicación de la metodología del aprendizaje invertido a la docencia de la asignatura Formación del Derecho Común Europeo

Depto. de Derecho Internacional, Eclesiástico y Filosofía del DerechoFac. de DerechoFALSEsubmitte

Novel gold(III)-dithiocarbamate complex targeting bacterial thioredoxin reductase: antimicrobial activity, synergy, toxicity, and mechanistic insights

IntroductionAntimicrobial resistance is a pressing global concern that has led to the search for new antibacterial agents with novel targets or non-traditional approaches. Recently, organogold compounds have emerged as a promising class of antibacterial agents. In this study, we present and characterize a (C^S)-cyclometallated Au(III) dithiocarbamate complex as a potential drug candidate.Methods and resultsThe Au(III) complex was found to be stable in the presence of effective biological reductants, and showed potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against a wide range of multidrug-resistant strains, particularly gram-positive strains, and gram-negative strains when used in combination with a permeabilizing antibiotic. No resistant mutants were detected after exposing bacterial cultures to strong selective pressure, indicating that the complex may have a low propensity for resistance development. Mechanistic studies indicate that the Au(III) complex exerts its antibacterial activity through a multimodal mechanism of action. Ultrastructural membrane damage and rapid bacterial uptake suggest direct interactions with the bacterial membrane, while transcriptomic analysis identified altered pathways related to energy metabolism and membrane stability including enzymes of the TCA cycle and fatty acid biosynthesis. Enzymatic studies further revealed a strong reversible inhibition of the bacterial thioredoxin reductase. Importantly, the Au(III) complex demonstrated low cytotoxicity at therapeutic concentrations in mammalian cell lines, and showed no acute in vivo toxicity in mice at the doses tested, with no signs of organ toxicity.DiscussionOverall, these findings highlight the potential of the Au(III)-dithiocarbamate scaffold as a basis for developing novel antimicrobial agents, given its potent antibacterial activity, synergy, redox stability, inability to produce resistant mutants, low toxicity to mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo, and non-conventional mechanism of action

Exhaled volatilome analysis as a useful tool to discriminate asthma with other coexisting atopic diseases in women of childbearing age

©2021. The authors. This document is made available under the CC-BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0/ This document is published version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Scientifc Reports. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92933-2The prevalence of asthma is considerably high among women of childbearing age. Most asthmatic women also often have other atopic disorders. Therefore, the diferentiation between patients with atopic diseases without asthma and asthmatics with coexisting diseases is essential to avoid underdiagnosis of asthma and to design strategies to reduce symptom severity and improve quality of life of patients. Hence, we aimed for the frst time to conduct an analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath of women of childbearing age as a new approach to discriminate between asthmatics with other coexisting atopic diseases and non-asthmatics (with or without atopic diseases), which could be a helpful tool for more accurate asthma detection and monitoring using a noninvasive technique in the near future. In this study, exhaled air samples of 336 women (training set (n= 211) and validation set (n= 125)) were collected and analyzed by thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ASCA (ANOVA (analysis of variance) simultaneous component analysis) and LASSO+LS (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator+ logistic regression) were employed for data analysis. Fifteen statistically signifcant models (p-value< 0.05 in permutation tests) that discriminated asthma with other coexisting atopic diseases in women of childbearing age were generated. Acetone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and a tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative were selected as discriminants of asthma with other coexisting atopic diseases. In addition, carbon disulfde, a tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and decane discriminated asthma disease among patients with other atopic disorders. Results of this study indicate that refned metabolomic analysis of exhaled breath allows asthma with other coexisting atopic diseases discrimination in women of reproductive ag

Innovación docente en asignaturas del nuevo plan de estudios del Grado en Derecho

Memoria final del proyecto de innnovación docent

Evolución de Studium. Despliegue de la plataforma moodle 2.x

Memoria ID-2012.001. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2012-2013