Crystalline Surface-Layers of the Genus Lactobacillus

Lactobacilli are fundamental contributors to food technology and agriculture. Moreover, they are thought to induce beneficial effects to public health as valuable inhabitants of the intestinal and urogenital tract of humans. The envelope of these microorganisms could play an important role (i.e., resistance, adhesion, etc.) in all of these applications. The aim of this review is to summarize the available knowledge about S-layer carrying strains of the genus Lactobacillus

The Oxford Companion to Cheese

The Oxford Companion to CheeseEditor-in-chief Dr. Catherine Donnelly and Foreword by Mateo Kehler 855 entries on all aspects of cheese - historical and cultural, scientific, and technical. An astonishing 325 authors, from cheesemakers and cheese retailers to dairy scientists, microbiologists, historians, and anthropologists Every entry is signed by the author, and includes both cross references to related topics and further reading suggestions. A topical outline of entries in the frontmatter and comprehensive index in the backmatter help readers find exactly what they are looking for. Two 16 page color inserts and well over 100 black and white images bring the entries to life The most comprehensive reference work on cheese availablThe discovery of cheese is a narrative at least eight thousand years old, dating back to the Neolithic era. Yet, after all of these thousands of years we are still finding new ways to combine the same four basic ingredients—milk, bacteria, salt, and enzymes—into new and exciting products with vastly different shapes, sizes, and colors, and equally complex and varied tastes, textures, and, yes, aromas. In fact, after a long period of industrialized, processed, and standardized cheese, cheesemakers, cheesemongers, affineurs, and most of all consumers are rediscovering the endless variety of cheeses across cultures. The Oxford Companion to Cheese is the first major reference work dedicated to cheese, containing 855 A–Z entries on cheese history, culture, science, and production. From cottage cheese to Camembert, from Gorgonzola to Gruyère, there are entries on all of the major cheese varieties globally, but also many cheeses that are not well known outside of their region of production. The concentrated whey cheeses popular in Norway, brunost, are covered here, as are the traditional Turkish and Iranian cheeses that are ripened in casings prepared from sheep’s or goat’s skin.There are entries on animal species whose milk is commonly (cow, goat, and sheep) and not so commonly (yak, camel, andreindeer) used in cheesemaking, as well as entries on a few highly important breeds within each species, such as the Nubian goat or the Holstein cow. Regional entries on places with a strong historyof cheese production, biographies of influential cheesemakers, innovative and influential cheese shops, and historical and cultural entries on topics like manorial cheesemaking and cheese in children’s literature round out the Companion’s eclectic coverag

Système d'aide à l'accès lexical : trouver le mot qu'on a sur le bout de la langue

International audienceThe study of the Tip of the Tongue phenomenon (TOT) provides valuable clues and insights concerning the organisation of the mental lexicon (meaning, number of syllables, relation with other words, etc.). This paper describes a tool based on psycho-linguistic observations concerning the TOT phenomenon. We've built it to enable a speaker/writer to find the word he is looking for, word he may know, but which he is unable to access in time. We try to simulate the TOT phenomenon by creating a situation where the system knows the target word, yet is unable to access it. In order to find the target word we make use of the paradigmatic and syntagmatic associations stored in the linguistic databases. Our experiment allows the following conclusion: a tool like SVETLAN, capable to structure (automatically) a dictionary by domains can be used sucessfully to help the speaker/writer to find the word he is looking for, if it is combined with a database rich in terms of paradigmatic links like EuroWordNet

Caractérisation de sept lignées cellulaires humaines de cancer de vessie pour les principaux marqueurs de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse, Twist1 et E-cadhérine, et pour une nouvelle drogue, le saracatinib.

Le cancer de la vessie représente le 4ième cancer en terme d incidence. La mortalité de ce cancer est principalement due à la formation de métastases secondaires. Actuellement, aucun des médicaments disponibles sur le marché ne permet d éviter la rechute ni de contrôler la dissémination métastatique. L enjeu thérapeutique principal dans ce cancer est donc le contrôle de la dissémination métastatique. Le mécanisme de formation des métastases est connu et implique la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (EMT) qui permet aux cellules épithéliales d acquérir les caractéristiques des cellules mésenchymateuse, ainsi que la capacité d invasion. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes posés 2 questions. Twist1 protéine connue comme régulateur central dans l EMT, peut-elle être une cible pronostique et pharmacologique dans le cancer de la vessie ? L utilisation d un nouvel anti-invasif le saracatinib, peut il être un nouveau traitement dans le cancer de la vessie. Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons caractérisé nos lignées de cancer de vessie, pour la protéine Twist1, mais aussi pour les principaux marqueurs de l EMT (E-cadhérine, N-cadhérine, vimentine). Puis nous avons testé pharmacologiquement (cytotoxicité et invasivité) nos lignées pour le saracatinib. L expression de la molécule Twist1 a été décevante, seulement une lignée exprime Twist1, de manière faible, et non homogène. Twist n est donc pas une cible potentielle dans le cancer de la vessie. La sensibilité d un point de vue cytotoxique au saracatinib est liée à l expression de la E-cadhérine. Cependant il n existe pas de relation entre l expression de la E-cadhérine et l action anti-invasive du saracatinib. Toutes les lignées sont sensibles. Dans la lignée SD48 (E-cadhérine positive), il y a une augmentation de la protéine E-cadhérine, ainsi qu une nette relocalisation à la membrane sous traitement saracatinib. La voie du saracatinib semble passer par la E-cadherine, mais cette dernière n explique pas en totalité son action.Bladder cancer is the 4th cancer in the world. The mortality is principally caused by metastatic dissemination. Currently, no medicine can controle the relapse, and the metastatic dissemination. The principal therapeutic stategy is the contrôle of dissemination. Le mecanisme of metastate synthesis is knowed, and implicate the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) who change epithelial cells in mesenchymental cell and acquisition of invasivity. In this work, 2 questions are asking. The Twist1 protein who s a central regulator of EMT, can be a new prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic target in bladder cancer ? The use of a new anti-invasif drug saracatinib, can be a new treatment in the bladder cancer. To answer at this questions, we carcaterise your cells lines for Twist1 and main EMT marquers (E-cadhérine, N-cadhérine, vimentine). Than we test pharmacology response (cytotoxicity and anti-invasivity) of cells lines for saracatinib. The Twist1 expression is very disappointing, only one cells line is expressing Twist1, poorly, and non homogenous. Twist1 is not a good target in bladder cancer. The cytotoxic sensibility is linked to E-cadherin expression. However, there is no relation between E-cadherin expression and anti-invasive action for saracatinib. All the cells lines are sensitive. In the cells line SD48 (E-cadherin positive), there is an increase of E-cadherin protein, and a localisation at the membrane under saracatinib treatment. The saracatinib seem to use E-cadherin pathway, but thys way not expliquate all the action.BORDEAUX2-Bib. électronique (335229905) / SudocSudocFranceF

Clinical and genomic analysis of a randomised phase II study evaluating anastrozole and fulvestrant in postmenopausal patients treated for large operable or locally-advanced hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of neoadjuvant anastrozole and fulvestrant treatment of large operable or locally-advanced hormone- receptor-positive breast cancer not eligible for initial breast-conserving surgery, and to identify genomic changes occurring after treatment. Methods: 120 post-menopausal patients were randomised to receive 1 mg anastrozole (61 patients) or 500 mg fulvestrant (59 patients) for 6 months. Genomic DNA copy number profiles were generated for a subgroup of 20 patients before and after treatment. Results: 108 patients were evaluable for efficacy and 118 for toxicity. The objective response rate determined by clinical palpation was 58.9% (95% CI 45.0-71.9) in the anastrozole arm and 53.8% (95% CI 39.5-67.8) in the fulvestrant arm. The breast- conserving surgery rate was 58.9% (95% CI 45.0-71.9) in the anastrozole arm and 50.0% (95% CI 35.8-64.2) in the fulvestrant arm. Pathological responses >50% occurred in 24 patients (42.9%) in the anastrozole arm and 13 (25.0%) in the fulvestrant arm. The Ki-67 score fell after treatment but there was no significant difference between the reduction in the two arms (anastrozole 16.7% [95%CI 13.3-21.0] before, 3.2% [95%CI 1.9-5.5] after, n=43; fulvestrant 17.1% [95%CI 13.1-22.5] before, 3.2% [95%CI 1.8-5.7] after, n=38) or between the reduction in Ki-67 in clinical responders and non- responders. Genomic analysis appeared to show a reduction of clonal diversity following treatment with selection of some clones with simpler copy number profiles. Conclusion: Both anastrozole and fulvestrant were effective and well-tolerated, enabling breast-conserving surgery in over 50% of patients. Clonal changes consistent with clonal selection by the treatment were seen in a subgroup of patients

EMbaRC - A European Consortium of Microbial Resource Centres for Science & lnnovation

EMbaRC is an EU project funded under the Seventh Framework Programme, Research lnfrastructures action. lt aims to improve, coordinate and validate microbial Biological Resource Centres (BRC) delivery to European and lnternational researchers from both public and private sectors. Apart from the networking and research activities, EMbaRC offers EU-supported grants for Trans-national Access opportunities. Scientists who carry out research in Europe or Associated Countries can use EMbaRC infrastructures to support part of their research project. ln this presentation, the main achievements of the first year will be summarized. Networking activities allow i) an estimation of overlapping/uniqueness between the consortium holdings, ii) a deep analysis of strain deposit after publication, iii) a review of the training offered by the consortium in the collection management and associated tools (identification, data management, etc.), iv) an harmonisation of the quality manual, v) a first draft for a biosecurity code, and vi) establish the basis of a common strategy to increase the sustainability of BRCs. Joint Research activities focused in particular on storage of recalcitrant strains, DNA storage and species identification by new methods like mass spectrometry ... ln parallel, success stories are being gathered to support the idea that microbial collections contribute to the bioeconomy. Such achievements can be a way to increase the sustainability of collections, and some of them will be presented