Effect of preterm birth on growth and blood pressure in adulthood in the Pelotas 1993 cohort

Background Preterm birth has been associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in adulthood, attributed to cardiovascular and metabolic alterations in early life. However, there is paucity of evidence from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods We investigated the differences between preterm (<37 weeks gestational age) and term-born individuals in birth length and weight as well as adult (18 and 20 years) height, weight and blood pressure in the Brazilian 1993 Pelotas birth cohort using linear regressions. Analyses were adjusted for the maternal weight at the beginning of pregnancy and maternal education and family income at childbirth. Additional models were adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and birthweight. Separate analyses were run for males and females. The complete sample was analysed with an interaction term for sex. Results Of the 3585 babies included at birth, 3010 were followed up in adulthood at 22 years. Preterm participants had lower length and weight at birth. This difference remained for male participants in adulthood, but female participants were no shorter than their term counterparts by 18 years of age. At 22 years, females born preterm had lower blood pressures (systolic blood pressure −1.00 mmHg, 95%CI −2.7, 0.7 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure −1.1 mmHg, 95%CI −2.4, 0.3 mmHg) than females born at term. These differences were not found in male participants. Conclusions In this Brazilian cohort we found contrasting results regarding the association of preterm birth with blood pressure in young adulthood, which may be unique to an LMIC

Effect of preterm birth on growth and blood pressure in adulthood in the Pelotas 1993 cohort

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth has been associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in adulthood, attributed to cardiovascular and metabolic alterations in early life. However, there is paucity of evidence from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: We investigated the differences between preterm (<37 weeks gestational age) and term-born individuals in birth length and weight as well as adult (18 and 20 years) height, weight and blood pressure in the Brazilian 1993 Pelotas birth cohort using linear regressions. Analyses were adjusted for the maternal weight at the beginning of pregnancy and maternal education and family income at childbirth. Additional models were adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and birthweight. Separate analyses were run for males and females. The complete sample was analysed with an interaction term for sex. RESULTS: Of the 3585 babies included at birth, 3010 were followed up in adulthood at 22 years. Preterm participants had lower length and weight at birth. This difference remained for male participants in adulthood, but female participants were no shorter than their term counterparts by 18 years of age. At 22 years, females born preterm had lower blood pressures (systolic blood pressure -1.00 mmHg, 95%CI -2.7, 0.7 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure -1.1 mmHg, 95%CI -2.4, 0.3 mmHg) than females born at term. These differences were not found in male participants. CONCLUSIONS: In this Brazilian cohort we found contrasting results regarding the association of preterm birth with blood pressure in young adulthood, which may be unique to an LMIC

Effect of preterm birth on growth and blood pressure in adulthood in the Pelotas 1993 cohort

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth has been associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in adulthood, attributed to cardiovascular and metabolic alterations in early life. However, there is paucity of evidence from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: We investigated the differences between preterm (<37 weeks gestational age) and term-born individuals in birth length and weight as well as adult (18 and 20 years) height, weight and blood pressure in the Brazilian 1993 Pelotas birth cohort using linear regressions. Analyses were adjusted for the maternal weight at the beginning of pregnancy and maternal education and family income at childbirth. Additional models were adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and birthweight. Separate analyses were run for males and females. The complete sample was analysed with an interaction term for sex. RESULTS: Of the 3585 babies included at birth, 3010 were followed up in adulthood at 22 years. Preterm participants had lower length and weight at birth. This difference remained for male participants in adulthood, but female participants were no shorter than their term counterparts by 18 years of age. At 22 years, females born preterm had lower blood pressures (systolic blood pressure -1.00 mmHg, 95%CI -2.7, 0.7 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure -1.1 mmHg, 95%CI -2.4, 0.3 mmHg) than females born at term. These differences were not found in male participants. CONCLUSIONS: In this Brazilian cohort we found contrasting results regarding the association of preterm birth with blood pressure in young adulthood, which may be unique to an LMIC

Tetralogía de Fallot con agenesia de válvula pulmonar

Introduction: tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary valve agenesis is a complex congenital heart disease, with a prevalence of 2-6%, frequently associated with chromosomopathies.Case report: 2-month-old male infant diagnosed on the fourth day of birth with Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary valve agenesis. He presented with a clinical picture characterized by respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, mild distal cyanosis, dry cough, slight subcostal and intercostal initially, which evolved into a picture of metabolic alkalosis compensating for respiratory acidosis, with frequent events of bronchospasm due to compression of the bronchi by dilatation of the trunk and branches of the pulmonary artery. Treatment was clinical, symptom management. Mechanical ventilation in prone position, treatment with diuretics for hypertension and intravenous inotropic drugs were required. The patient died at 3 months of life.Conclusions: tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary valve agenesis is a complex, infrequent and potentially fatal entity, where patient survival is determined by complete primary correction of the defect, mainly before the onset of respiratory symptoms, and the infrequency and complexity of its management make this congenital heart disease a challenge for the medical community. A deep and continuous study of atypical heart disease is necessary to achieve better medical care.Introducción: la tetralogía de Fallot con agenesia de la válvula pulmonar es una cardiopatía congénita compleja, con una prevalencia de un 2 – 6 % asociada frecuentemente con cromosomopatías.Presentación de caso: lactante masculino, de 2 meses de edad, diagnosticado al cuarto día de nacido con tetralogía de Fallot con agenesia de la válvula pulmonar. Presentó un cuadro clínico caracterizado por síntomas respiratorias como disnea, cianosis distal ligera, tos seca, ligero tiraje subcostal e intercostal inicialmente, que evolucionaron a un cuadro de alcalosis metabólica compensadora de acidosis respiratoria, con eventos frecuentes de broncoespasmos producto de la compresión de los bronquios por dilatación del tronco y ramas de la arteria pulmonar. El tratamiento fue clínico, de manejo de los síntomas. Se necesitó ventilación mecánica en decúbito prono, tratamiento con diuréticos para la hipertensión arterial y utilización de inotrópicos endovenosos. El paciente falleció con 3 meses de vida.Conclusiones: La tetralogía de Fallot con agenesia de la válvula pulmonar constituye una entidad compleja, infrecuente y potencialmente mortal, donde la supervivencia de los pacientes está determinada por la corrección primaria completa del defecto, principalmente antes de la aparición de los síntomas respiratorios. La infrecuencia y complejidad en su manejo, convierten a esta cardiopatía congénita en un reto para la comunidad médica. Es necesario un estudio profundo y continuo de las cardiopatías atípicas para lograr una mejor atención

Pluralismo religioso, educación y ciudadanía Religious pluralism, education and citizenship

Este artículo describe las formas peculiares que adquiere el cambio religioso, tanto a nivel de las adhesiones a nuevos movimientos religiosos como en las creencias religiosas en Chile. Este trabajo analiza la manera en que el factor educacional interviene en las tendencias hacia la pluralización religiosa. También se exploran las posibles consecuencias que puedan tener las manifestaciones concretas del cambio religioso en la cultura política de Chile.<br>This article describes the peculiar forms taken by religious change in Chile. It considers the adhesion to new religious movements and beliefs as well as education and its interference on the multiplication of religious institutions. It also pictures the concrete manifestations of religious change and their consequences for political culture