14 research outputs found

    Das gemeinsame Lesen von KinderbĂŒchern und die Entwicklung frĂŒhkindlicher SprachfĂ€higkeiten

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    Storybooks and talk centered around shared reading contain more rare words, complex syntax, and narrative structures than the language that caregivers usually use when talking to children. Therefore, interactive storybook reading has the potential to facilitate children’s acquisition of lower level language (LLL) skills (e.g., vocabulary, grammar) and higher level language (HLL) skills (e.g., comprehension monitoring, narrative comprehension). This dissertation addresses gaps in shared storybook reading research pertaining to questions of assessment, intervention, and early literacy models. It investigates from a developmental and educational perspective how shared reading in the home literacy environment (HLE) and the child care literacy environment (CCLE) is related to children’s oral language skills. The first aim is to validate two recognition tests for German-speaking participants. This allows an objective and economic assessment of storybook exposure and adult literature exposure, both of which are related to children’s language development. The second aim is to clarify (a) the relation between parent and child as literacy agents in a home literacy model of shared reading, and (b) whether shared reading is related to children’s HLL skills besides being related to their LLL skills. The third aim is to test the effectiveness of a narrative dialogic reading intervention targeting LLL and HLL skills. To this end, four studies were conducted. Study 1 validated a storybook title recognition test (TRT) for German-speaking preschoolers and caregivers. The TRT captures relative differences in the amount of shared reading. In structural equation models, the TRT was a unique predictor of preschoolers’ language skills, explaining about 50% of variance in language skills. By contrast, questionnaire measures of socioeconomic status and home literacy environment did not explain additional variance in language skills. Study 2 validated an author recognition test (ART) for 13 to 80-year-old German-speaking readers. The ART is a measure of leisure reading that explains a substantial amount of variance in caregivers’ language skills, which is in turn related to children’s language development. Even though print exposure accumulates with time, several life span studies did not find a positive relation between reader age and ART scores. Study 2 used a sample of 13- to 77-year-old readers. The recognition probability of classic authors increased between ages 15 and 65. By contrast, the recognition probability of recent authors only increased between ages 15 and 45. The author mean publication year turned out to be a key variable for estimating print exposure in age-diverse samples. This author variable should be taken into account when modelling relationships between literacy environments and children’s language skills, especially if the age of caregivers varies (e.g., adolescent siblings, parents, grand-parents). Study 3 examined how HLE and CCLE are related to preschoolers’ storybook exposure and how the storybook exposure of preschoolers, parents, and child care workers is related to LLL and HLL skills. Parents’ exposure to storybooks was a unique predictor of children’s vocabulary and grammar skills. Parents’ storybook exposure was also moderately related to children’s storybook exposure, which in turn explained unique variance in vocabulary, grammar, comprehension monitoring, and narrative comprehension. Therefore, the storybook exposure of children and parents should be conceptualized as related, but separate variables in models of the home literacy environment. Moreover, models should differentiate between LLL and HLL skills as correlates and outcomes of shared reading. Study 4 developed a narrative dialogic reading intervention with wordless picture books that targeted preschoolers’ LLL and HLL skills. The intervention had small short-term effects on narrative comprehension and vocabulary skills. Comparisons with an alternative treatment and a no treatment group showed that the effects were due to the specific intervention contents. Individual differences in storybook exposure and general cognitive abilities did not moderate intervention gains. Children in control groups caught up after five months, with the exception of inferential narrative comprehension, where intervention effects were maintained at first follow-up. This indicates that narrative dialogic reading provided a unique opportunity to preschoolers for learning inferential narrative comprehension skills. In sum, this dissertation provides new methods and insights for the assessment of print exposure and shows that narrative dialogic reading fosters a broad range of oral language skills. Regarding the refinement of early literacy models, additional analyses showed that, above children’s and parents’ storybook exposure, the ART was a unique predictor of LLL skills. Parental leisure reading and shared storybook reading were connected to children’s oral language skills through multiple pathways that should be represented in early literacy models.BilderbĂŒcher und GesprĂ€che wĂ€hrend dem Vorlesen enthalten mehr seltene Wörter, komplexe Syntax und narrative Strukturen als die gewöhnliche kindgerichtete Sprache von Eltern. Folglich kann das interaktive Vorlesen von BilderbĂŒchern zur Entwicklung von niedrigen SprachfĂ€higkeiten (z. B. Wortschatz, Grammatik) und höheren SprachfĂ€higkeiten (z. B. Überwachen von Verstehen, narratives Verstehen) beitragen. Diese Dissertation adressiert LĂŒcken in der Vorlese-Forschung welche Fragen der Messung, Intervention und Modelle des frĂŒhen Schriftspracherwerbs betreffen. Aus entwicklungs- und pĂ€dagogisch-psychologischer Perspektive wird untersucht wie das Bilderbuchlesen in der hĂ€uslichen Leseumwelt und der Kita-Leseumwelt mit den SprachfĂ€higkeiten von Vorschulkindern zusammenhĂ€ngt. Erstens sollen zwei Rekognitionstests fĂŒr deutschsprachige Kinder und Vorlesende validiert werden. Hierdurch können Unterschiede im Lesevolumen hinsichtlich BilderbĂŒchern sowie Erwachsenenliteratur objektiv und ökonomisch erfasst werden. Beide stehen im Zusammenhang mit der kindlichen Sprachentwicklung. Zweitens soll geklĂ€rt werden, wie (a) Eltern und Kind als Handelnde im Vorleseprozess in der hĂ€uslichen Leseumwelt zueinander in Relation stehen und (b) ob das gemeinsame Lesen von BilderbĂŒchern neben niedrigen SprachfĂ€higkeiten auch mit höheren SprachfĂ€higkeiten zusammenhĂ€ngt. Drittens soll ĂŒberprĂŒft werden, ob eine Sprachintervention zum narrativen dialogischen Lesen positive Effekte auf niedrige und höhere SprachfĂ€higkeiten hat. Zu diesem Zweck wurden vier Studien durchgefĂŒhrt. Studie 1 validierte einen Bilderbuch-Titelrekognitionstest (TRT) fĂŒr deutschsprachige Vorschulkinder und Vorlesende. Der TRT erfasst relative Unterschiede im Vorlesevolumen. In Strukturgleichungsmodellen klĂ€rte der TRT etwa 50% der Varianz in SprachfĂ€higkeiten auf, der sozioökonomische Status und die hĂ€usliche Leseumwelt klĂ€rten hier hingegen keine zusĂ€tzliche Varianz auf. Studie 2 validierte einen Autorenrekognitionstest (ART) fĂŒr 13- bis 80-JĂ€hrige. Der ART misst das Leseverhalten in der Freizeit. Hierdurch kann ein substanzieller Anteil der Varianz in den SprachfĂ€higkeiten von Vorlesenden aufgeklĂ€rt werden. Die SprachfĂ€higkeiten von Vorlesenden hĂ€ngen wiederum zusammen mit der kindlichen Sprachentwicklung. Das kumulative Lesevolumen wĂ€chst mit zunehmendem Alter. Mehrere Lebensspanne-Studien haben allerdings keinen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und ART-Score gefunden. Studie 2 untersuchte deshalb in einer Stichprobe von 13- bis 77-JĂ€hrigen wie das Lesevolumen zunimmt. FĂŒr bereits kanonisierte Autorinnen und Autoren stieg die Rekognitionswahrscheinlichkeit zwischen 15 und 65 Jahren an. Hingegen stieg die Rekognitionswahrscheinlichkeit fĂŒr Gegenwartsautorinnen und -autoren nur zwischen 15 und 45 Jahren. Folglich ist das mittlere Publikationsjahr von Autorinnen und Autoren bedeutsam fĂŒr die SchĂ€tzung des Lesevolumens in altersdiversen Stichproben. Diese Variable sollte bei der Modellierung von Leseumwelt-EinflĂŒssen auf die kindliche Sprachentwicklung einbezogen werden – insbesondere dann, wenn unterschiedliche Generationen regelmĂ€ĂŸig mit Kindern kommunizieren (z. B. Geschwister im Jugendalter, Eltern, Großeltern). Studie 3 untersuchte wie hĂ€usliche und Kita-Leseumwelt mit dem Vorlesevolumen von Vorschulkindern zusammenhĂ€ngen und wie das Vorlesevolumen von Kindern, Eltern und Kita-Mitarbeitern zu niedrigen und höheren SprachfĂ€higkeiten beitrĂ€gt. Das Vorlesevolumen der Eltern erklĂ€rte einen uniquen Varianzanteil in Wortschatz und Grammatik der Kinder. Auch bestand zwischen Vorlesevolumen der Eltern und Vorlesevolumen der Kinder eine mittelstarke Korrelation. Das Vorlesevolumen der Kinder wiederum erklĂ€rte einen uniquen Varianzanteil in Wortschatz, Grammatik, VerstehensĂŒberwachung und narrativem Verstehen. Folglich sollten die Vorlesevolumina von Kindern und Eltern in Modellen der hĂ€uslichen Leseumwelt als getrennte, aber in Verbindung stehende Variablen konzeptualisiert werden. Diese Modellen sollten zudem zwischen niedrigen und höheren SprachfĂ€higkeiten differenzieren. Studie 4 ĂŒberprĂŒfte die EffektivitĂ€t einer neu entwickelten Intervention zum narrativen dialogischen Lesen in der BilderbĂŒcher ohne Worte verwendet wurden. Die Intervention hatte kurzfristig kleine positive Effekte auf das narrative Verstehen und WortschatzfĂ€higkeiten. Die Interventionseffekte konnten durch Vergleiche mit der aktiven sowie der passiven Vergleichsgruppe auf die spezifischen Inhalte der Intervention zurĂŒckgefĂŒhrt werden. Interindividuelle Unterschiede im Vorlesevolumen vor Interventionsbeginn sowie Unterschiede in den allgemeinen kognitiven FĂ€higkeiten hatten keinen Einfluss auf die Interventionseffekte. Die Kinder in den Vergleichsgruppen holten nach fĂŒnf Monaten in allen SprachfĂ€higkeiten auf. Nur hinsichtlich des inferenziellen narrativen Verstehens bestanden bei der ersten Folgeuntersuchung noch Gruppenunterschiede zugunsten der Intervention. Dies weist darauf hin, dass das dialogische Lesen spezielle Lerngelegenheiten fĂŒr das inferenzielle narrative Verstehen bereit stellte. Insgesamt liefert diese Dissertation wichtige Erkenntnisse fĂŒr die Erfassung des (Vor-)Lesevolumens und zur EffektivitĂ€t des narrativen dialogischen Lesens. Hinsichtlich der PrĂ€zisierung eines Modells zum Einfluss des Vorlesens auf die Sprachentwicklung zeigten zusĂ€tzliche Analysen, dass der ART ĂŒber den TRT hinaus zusĂ€tzlich Varianz in niedrigen SprachfĂ€higkeiten aufklĂ€rt. Offensichtlich bestehen mehrere Pfade von elterlichem Freizeitlesen und interaktivem Vorlesen zu den SprachfĂ€higkeiten von Kindern, welche entsprechend in Modellen zum Sprachenlernen durch UmwelteinflĂŒsse reprĂ€sentiert sein sollten

    Narrative Konstruktion, Bild und Photographie in Jonathan Safran Foers Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close

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    In Jonathan Safran Foers bebildertem Roman Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close (2005) erzĂ€hlt das neunjĂ€hrige Wunderkind Oskar von seiner Suche nach dem Schloss, das zu jenem SchlĂŒssel passt, welchen er im Wandschrank seines Vaters gefunden hat. Auslöser fĂŒr die Suche ist die Trauer um den Vater Thomas Schell (Junior), der durch den Anschlag auf das World Trade Center am 11. September 2001 stirbt. Neben diesem main plot wird auch die Geschichte des Großvaters Thomas Schell (Senior) und der Großmutter Oskars erzĂ€hlt, die nach der Bombardierung Dresdens nach New York City emigrieren. Im Folgenden soll nĂ€her untersucht werden, inwiefern in Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close auf der erzĂ€hlerischen und vermittelnden Ebene - unter besonderer BerĂŒcksichtigung der Abbildungen - Ă€sthetische und textuelle Konstruktionsprozesse thematisiert bzw. reflektiert werden

    Towards model-based optimization of CGO/Ni anodes

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    Gadolinium doped Ceria (CGO) is a promising material for SOFC anodes because of its mixed ionic electronic conductivity, its high catalytic activity for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and its robustness against degradation. In SOFC research, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an essential characterization tool, which serves as a basis for materials optimization on the electrode, cell and stack levels. However, for CGO based electrodes, there is no consensus how to interpret the impedance spectra yet. In the literature, especially the low frequency arc is often either depicted as gas impedance or as chemical capacitance process, without conclusive evidence. Further uncertainties in the interpretation of impedance spectra arise with respect to the operating conditions (especially pO2, pH2O) and to their impact on the HOR resistance. Hence, reliable interpretation of impedance spectra for SOFC with CGO-based anodes requires a detailed model, which captures a) the relevant physico-chemical processes, b) the associated material laws and c) the dependencies on varying operating conditions. In the present contribution, we present an approach for a systematic materials optimization for CGO-based anodes, including EIS measurements, microstructure analysis and finite element modelling with AC and DC mode. The model captures all previously mentioned effects and their impact on the performance of a CGO/Ni-based anode. The computational model is validated and calibrated with EIS-measurements and the impacts of the chemical capacitance and gas impedance on the EIS spectra are illustrated for button cell conditions. The calibrated model is exemplarily used to optimize the CGO/Ni layer thickness. DC results of the extension of the reaction zone are thereby used to understand the different resistive contributions (e.g. from electrochemical conversion, from transport of charge carriers or from gas diffusion) to the total anode impedance. In summary, we present a model-based approach to link bulk material properties, fabrication parameters, microstructure effects and operating conditions with the cell performance on button cell level. Moreover, the model can be extended to different scales like thin film electrodes, used for fundamental material characterization, as well as to large area cells used for industrial devices with stack architecture. By using a stochastic model for virtual structure variation, also the influence of the microstructure can be assessed in a fully digital way (digital materials design). Hence, with the integration of detailed physicochemical properties over different scales into a single model framework, findings from basic and applied research can be directly used for the industrial development, enabling a systematic optimization of SOFC devices

    Modeling the impedance response and steady state behaviour of porous CGO-based MIEC anodes

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    Mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) materials recently gained much interest for use as anodes in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. However, many processes in MIEC-based porous anodes are still poorly understood and the appropriate interpretation of corresponding electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data is challenging. Therefore, a model which is capable to capture all relevant physico-chemical processes is a crucial prerequisite for systematic materials optimization. In this contribution we present a comprehensive model for MIEC-based anodes providing both the DC-behaviour and the EIS-spectra. The model enables one to distinguish between the impact of the chemical capacitance, the reaction resistance, the gas impedance and the charge transport resistance on the EIS-spectrum and therewith allows its appropriate interpretation for button cell conditions. Typical MIEC-features are studied with the model applied to gadolinium doped ceria (CGO) anodes with different microstructures. The results obtained for CGO anodes reveal the spatial distribution of the reaction zone and associated transport distances for the charge carriers and gas species. Moreover, parameter spaces for transport limited and surface reaction limited situations are depicted. By linking bulk material properties, microstructure effects and the cell design with the cell performance, we present a way towards a systematic materials optimization for MIEC-based anodes

    Composite conductivity of MIEC-based SOFC anodes : implications for microstructure optimization

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    Fully ceramic anodes such as LSTN-CGO offer some specific advantages compared to conventional cermet anodes. Ceria- and titanate-based phases are both mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIEC), which leads to very different reaction mechanisms and associated requirements for the microstructure design compared to e.g. Ni-YSZ. Due to the MIEC-property of both solid phases, the transports of neither the electrons nor the oxygen ions are limited to a single phase. As a consequence, composite MIEC electrodes reveal a remarkable property that can be described as ‘composite conductivity’ (for electrons as well as for ions), which is much higher than the (hypothetical) single phase conductivities of the same microstructure. In composite MIEC anodes, the charge carriers can reach the reaction sites even when the volume fraction of one MIEC phase is below the percolation threshold, because the missing contiguity is automatically bridged by the second MIEC phase. The MIEC properties thus open a much larger design space for microstructure optimization of composite electrodes. In this contribution, the composite conductivities of MIEC-based anodes are systematically investigated based on virtual materials testing and stochastic modeling. For this purpose, a large number of 3D microstructures, representing systematic compositional variations of composite anodes, is created by microstructure modeling. The underlying stochastic model is fitted to experimental data from FIB-SEM tomography. For the fitting of the stochastic model, digital twins of the tomography data are created using the methodology of gaussian random fields. By interpolation between and beyond the digital twin compositions, the stochastic model then allows to create numerous virtual 3D microstructures with different compositions, but with realistic properties. The effect of microstructure variation on the composite conductivity is then determined with transport simulations for each 3D microstructure. Furthermore, the corresponding microstructure effects on the cell-performance are determined with a Multiphysics model that describes the anode reaction mechanism. Especially the impact of the composite conductivities on the cell performance is studied in detail. Finally, microstructure design regions are discussed and compared for three different anode materials systems: titanate-CGO (with composite conductivities), Ni-YSZ (with single-phase conductivities), Ni-CGO (with single-phase ionic and composite electronic conductivities)

    Title Recognition Test for Preschoolers (age 4–7)

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    A title recognition test for preschoolers for the assessment of relative differences in print exposure. This project provides the materials (checklists and experiment code) and the validation study with psychometric information

    Author Recognition Test (age 13–80)

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    An author recognition test for German-speaking participants aged 13 to 80. This project provides the checklists and the validation study with psychometric information

    Mathematikspiele in der Familie : Erfassung des Anregungsgehalts mathematischer Lernumwelten mit dem mathematischen Titelrekognitionstest fĂŒr das Kindergartenalter (TRT-Mathe-K

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    <jats:p> Zusammenfassung: Mathematische AktivitĂ€ten im Familienkontext hĂ€ngen mit frĂŒhen mathematischen Kompetenzen zusammen. Die Erfassung der Home Numeracy Environment (HNE) mittels Fragebögen birgt aber die Gefahr der sozial erwĂŒnschten Beantwortung. Diese Studie stellt den mathematischen Titelrekognitionstest fĂŒr das Kindergartenalter (TRT-Mathe-K) vor, durch den sozial erwĂŒnschtes Antwortverhalten begrenzt wird. In einer Pilotstudie mit N = 76 Eltern wurde eine Liste von 87 mathematischen und nicht-mathematischen Kinderspielen hinsichtlich ihrer Bekanntheit abgefragt. Die BerĂŒcksichtigung der Kinderspieltitel mit einer TrennschĂ€rfe > .2 fĂŒhrte zur Entwicklung zweier Parallelversionen des TRT-Mathe-K. In einer Studie mit N = 193 Familien wurden Kindergartenkinder hinsichtlich nonverbaler Intelligenz, SprachfĂ€higkeit und frĂŒher mathematischer Kompetenzen untersucht und zum familiĂ€ren Hintergrund befragt. Der TRT-Mathe-K erwies sich als ein ökonomisches, reliables und valides Messinstrument fĂŒr die Nutzung von mathematischen Kinderspielen in der HNE, das signifikant mit frĂŒhen mathematischen Kompetenzen korrelierte und diese auch unter BerĂŒcksichtigung von Kontrollvariablen vorhersagen konnte. </jats:p&gt

    Print Exposure Checklists for German-speaking participants

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    We have developed three print exposure checklists for German-speaking participants aged 4 to 80: A title recognition test for preschoolers, a title recognition test for school children, and an author recognition test for participants aged 13 to 80. This project provides the materials (checklists and experiment code) and the validation studies with psychometric information
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