Tillämpning av naturvårdsavtal

Nature conservation agreement (NCA) is a way to voluntarily protect and manage nature for limited time-periods. The agreement is settled between the government and a landowner. All public authorities can represent the government but it is only the Swedish Forest Administration who does that regularly (because it is the only authority with economic resources for that purpose). Therefore, NCAs are almost only used to protect forested nature. The government agencies have experienced NCAs for about ten years and it is now time to examine how they are applied in the forests. This study is based on a computerized questionnaire to the persons responsible for the LEKO-projekt. They had to answer of questions about how and why they applied NCAs within the project and which reasons they had not to apply NCA. There were also questions about how the management was taken care of and how the owners' compensation was calculated. The NCAs that has been part of the study has not been applied as differentiated as it maybe was thought when they were introduced into the Swedish system. That is not due to juridical limitations, but has with other considerations to do. Perhaps the authority has already found the best way to apply the NCAs and is therefore using them so in all possible situations without thinking of development and other ways of application. If that were true it would definitely stand in contrast to the picture of NCA as a flexible instrument. In comparison to nature reserve and biotope protection the NCAs has almost without exception been used to preserve land with lower nature quality in need of conservation management. Principally you could therefore say that NCAs are only applied as a second-class protection instrument. It is difficult to see why NCAs should have monopoly of bringing the landowner into the conservation management. I think this is a missing opportunity for an improved dialogue with the landowners. NCAs have not been used to protect border zones, corridors or buffer zones. They have neither been used to increase the area of old forest. It also seems that the users have not considered using NCAs to attain limited restrictions (as protecting only dead wood). The contact with the landowners has been good when applying NCAs. There are nevertheless tendencies that the servants have trusted perhaps too much the owner's good will. That has most importance when to decide the parties' rights and how the future management shall be taken cared of. The compensation is calculated in a very simplistic way where the acreage seems to be the only parameter, among other things irrespective of where in the country the property is located. This could cause a continued geographically uneven distribution of protected nature in Sweden. NCA is definitely a cheaper way of protecting nature, but the expenses do not stop when the one for all compensation to the landowner is being paid. Many of the servants count that contributions will be given for the future management.Naturvårdsavtal är frivilliga avtal som ingås mellan stat eller kommun (oftast skogsvårdsstyrelsen) och enskilda markägare. Därigenom ska den berörda marken under en tidsperiod på upp till 50 år skötas i naturvårdssyfte (åtminstone i större grad än vad som krävs enligt grundläggande hänsynslagstiftning). Även om naturvårdsavtal är ett förhållandevis nytt instrument inom naturvården har det, särskilt sedan den särskilda regleringen i 7:3 2 st JB infördes och riksdagens miljökvalitetsmål bestämdes, använts i stor omfattning. Det finns ännu inte särskilt mycket skrivet om avtalen, men skogsvårdsorganisationen har hunnit samla på sig en hel del erfarenheter om dem. Tiden har därför känts mogen att undersöka hur avtalen används. En enkät i dataformat skickades under våren 2004 ut till de ansvariga för skogsvårdsorganisationens LEKO-projekt. De fick svara på olika frågor om hur och varför de inom projektet upprättade naturvårdsavtalen hade tillkommit och vilka överväganden som legat till grund när avtalen inte använts. I enkäten ställdes också frågor om hur skötseln genomfördes och planerades samt hur ersättningen beräknades. De naturvårdsavtal som ingått i undersökningen har inte använts så differentierat som det kanske var tänkt från början när instrumentet infördes. Detta beror inte på juridiska begränsningar hos avtalen, utan har med andra överväganden att göra. Kanske tycker man att man redan funnit det bästa formatet för naturvårdsavtalen och använder därför detta i alla sammanhang utan att fundera på vidareutveckling och andra tillämpningsområden. Ett sådant betraktelsesätt skulle stå i stark kontrast mot den bild av flexibelt instrument som målats upp om naturvårdsavtalen. I jämförelse med naturreservat och biotopskydd har naturvårdsavtal nästan uteslutande använts för att skydda mark med något lägre naturvärden och med behov av naturvårdande skötsel. I princip kan man därför säga att naturvårdsavtal tillämpas som ett andra klassens områdesskydd. Det är svårt att se varför naturvårdsavtal ska ha monopol på att föra in markägaren i skötseln. Här missar man möjligheten till förbättrad dialog vid skydd med andra instrument. Man har inte använt naturvårdsavtal för skydd av kantzoner och spridningsvägar eller för att övervara gammal skog. Inte heller verkar man ha övervägt att använda naturvårdsavtal för att införa mycket begränsade restriktioner. Man har endast fokuserat på den ekologiska naturvården (vilket dock har med LEKO-projektets målbild att göra). Det har varit en god kontakt med markägarna vid upprättandet av naturvårdsavtal. Det finns emellertid tendenser till att man har förlitat sig för mycket på deras goda vilja. Detta gäller främst frågorna om parternas respektive rättigheter och den framtida skötseln. Ersättningen har beräknas på ett tämligen onyanserat sätt och i huvudsak verkar arealen vara den enda parametern, bl a oavsett var området har legat. Härmed finns risk för en fortsatt geografisk snedfördelning av skyddad mark. Naturvårdsavtal är helt klart en billigare skyddsform än områdesskydd, men utgifterna tar inte slut i och med att ersättningen erläggs. Många av svarspersonerna räknar med framtida ekonomiskt stöd för att upprätthålla skötseln

Alcune considerazioni sulla ricezione del pensiero pedagogico di Makarenko in Italia

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Un progetto di educazione alla tutela del patrimonio storico-artistico nazionale: il recupero e l’apertura al pubblico del castello aragonese di Taranto

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The article reviews the content of the Letters from Lake Como, written by Romano Guardini in the 1920s. The author’s sensitivity fully captures the contradiction between traditional cultural forms and disruptive technological innovations, which reverberate on the formative level, gripped by a profound structural crisis.L’articolo passa in rassegna il contenuto delle Lettere dal lago di Como, scritte da Romano Guardini negli anni Venti. La sensibilità dell’Autore coglie pienamente la contraddizione tra le forme culturali tradizionali e le dirompenti innovazioni tecnologiche, che si riverberano sul piano formativo, attanagliato da una profonda crisi strutturale

Obblighi di lavoro, patti agrari e dipendenze personali: La gestione del patrimonio dei principi nel Mezzogiorno longobardo

Questo articolo si propone di analizzare la gestione delle terre dei principi nel Mezzogiorno longobardo nei secoli X e XI, con particolare riguardo al principato di Salerno, che presenta su questo tema la documentazione più abbondante. Le forme di gestione appaiono molto diverse nelle terre pubbliche e nei patrimoni personali dei principi e sono leggibili in termini di cultura politica, piuttosto che di logica economica

Retinoblastoma and the Genetic Theory of Cancer: An Old Paradigm Trying to Survive to the Evidence

Retinoblastoma (Rb) is considered to represent the prototype of cancer linked to the sequential loss or inactivation of both alleles of a so-called “tumor suppressor gene”, the Rb1 gene. The pathogenetic mechanism behind this tumor was first hypothesized by Knudson in 1971 and further confirmed by others who identified the Rb1 gene whose loss or inactivation was claimed to be responsible for the disease. However, after about four decades of continuous research in the field of molecular biology, the evidence behind the role of the Rb1 gene in Rb appears to be seriously flawed in the light of epidemiological, biological, and clinical evidences. This editorial summarizes the inconsistencies on this subject. Nevertheless, the molecular biology establishment still adheres to the biased view of the genetic origin of Rb and other cancers, and hardly any alternative explanations are taken into account

UNIVERSIDAD E INCLUSION SOCIAL EN LA FORMACION DOCENTE

Esta comunicación es parte de un proceso de investigación en el ámbito universitario con abordajes teórico-metodológicos sustentados en una visión conducente a profundizar el enfoque de la educación inclusiva o educación para todos atenta a la diversidad. Su producción facilitó la apertura hacia nuevas instancias de formación, capacitación e investigación sobre el rol docente en la diversidad, extensivos a otros ámbitos educativos relacionados con el quehacer de la temática de las necesidades educativas especiales en contextos y acciones, en sujetos agentes y pacientes, de la Educación Especial. A la Universidad, como generadora de saber científico y formadora de recursos humanos, comprometida con la transferencia al medio, le corresponde continuar con el desarrollo del rol preponderante en la investigación, formación y capacitación docente. Los resultados confirman la importancia que tienen los trabajos multi e interdisciplinarios en la formación y capacitación docente, lo que facilita avanzar en el conocimiento

Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells transfer HIV-1 preferentially to antigen-specific CD4+ T cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential antigen-presenting cells for the induction of T cell immunity against pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. At the same time, HIV-1 replication is strongly enhanced in DC–T cell clusters, potentially undermining this process. We found that immature CD123+ plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) and CD11c+ myeloid DCs (MDCs) were susceptible to both a CCR5- and a CXCR4-using HIV-1 isolate in vitro and were able to efficiently transfer that infection to autologous CD4+ T cells. Soon after HIV-1 exposure, both PDCs and MDCs were able to transfer the virus to T cells in the absence of a productive infection. However, once a productive infection was established in the DCs, newly synthesized virus was predominantly spread to T cells. HIV-1 exposure of the MDCs and PDCs did not inhibit their ability to present cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens and activate CMV-specific memory T cells. As a result, both PDCs and MDCs preferentially transmitted HIV-1 to the responding CMV antigen–specific CD4+ T cells rather than to nonresponding T cells. This suggests that the induction of antigen-specific T cell responses by DCs, a process crucial to immune defense, can lead to preferential HIV-1 infection and the deletion of responding CD4+ T cells