Aplicación de las técnicas externas e internas del Merchandising en la empresa Llamadas Heladas, Matagalpa segundo Semestre 2012

Para que las empresas del sector servicio puedan lograr sus objetivos de aumentar la rentabilidad, estas deben de integrar y poner en práctica las técnicas externas e internas del Merchandising. El tema general del trabajo investigativo, radica en la aplicación del Merchandising en el sector servicio, Matagalpa 2012. Del tema general se desglosa como sub-tema: la aplicación de las técnicas externas e internas del Merchandising en la empresa llamadas heladas, Matagalpa segundo semestre 2012. En la actualidad se vuelve indispensable la aplicación de las técnicas del Merchandising para las empresas tanto de bienes como de servicios ya que es una estrategia moderna abriendo pasos para la actualización de mercados modernos y competitivos en el país. Con el presente estudio se pretende evaluar la aplicación de las técnicas externas e internas del Merchandising, identificando las dificultades presentes en el proceso de aplicación de dichas técnicas, las cuales darán pauta a las posibles soluciones propuestas que permitan mejorar el proceso de aplicación antes expuesto, obteniendo así beneficios enriquecedores para la empresa . En la presente investigación se aborda como variable de estudio el Merchandising y como sub variables tenemos las técnicas externas e internas del Merchandising, así como información de conceptos básicos, importancia, funciones, ventajas y desventajas del Merchandising, así también información del punto de venta de llamadas heladas, la cual se obtuvo a través de guías de encuestas, entrevista, observación directa y revisión bibliográfica la cual sirvió para analizar las alternativas de solución y repuesta a la problemátic

Dietary micronutrients intake and plasma fibrinogen levels in the general adult population.

Plasma fibrinogen predicts cardiovascular and nonvascular mortality. However, there is limited population-based evidence on the association between fibrinogen levels and dietary intakes of micronutrients possibly associated with inflammation status. Data were taken from the ENRICA study, conducted with 10,808 individuals representative of the population of Spain aged ≥ 18 years. Nutrient intake (vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, magnesium, selenium, zinc and iron) was estimated with a validated diet history, and plasma fibrinogen was measured under appropriate quality checks. Statistical analyses were performed with linear regression and adjusted for main confounders. The geometric means of fibrinogen (g/L) across increasing quintiles of nutrient intake were 3.22, 3.22, 3.22, 3.16, and 3.19 (p-trend = 0.030) for vitamin E; 3.23, 3.22, 3.20, 3.19, and 3.19 (p-trend = 0.047) for magnesium; and 3.24, 3.22, 3.19, 3.21, and 3.19 (p-trend = 0.050) for iron. These inverse associations were more marked in participants with abdominal obesity and aged ≥ 60 years, but lost statistical significance after adjustment for other nutrients. Although dietary intakes of vitamin E, magnesium and iron were inversely associated with fibrinogen levels, clinical implications of these findings are uncertain since these results were of very small magnitude and mostly explained by intake levels of other nutrients.This work has been funded by State Secretary of R + D + I and FEDER/FSE FIS grants (F.R.A., grant 16/609 and 19/319; E.L.G., grant 16/1512); and the JPI HDHL-SALAMANDER project (F.R.A., grant APCIN 2016-145). The funders had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this workS

Application of Risk Management Metrics for ochratoxin-A control in the coffee chain

© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. Like other agricultural products, coffee is susceptible of colonization by mycotoxin-producing fungi and therefore, the presence of mycotoxins. These chemical hazards can pose a risk for consumers, as some of them are potentially carcinogenic, neurotoxic, or immunosuppressive. Several countries worldwide have established maximum legal limits on the final product regarding ochratoxin A (OTA), but this leads to inefficiencies in the coffee value chain, as there is uncertainty if a batch may be under the legal limits at the time of reaching the consumers. The application of Risk Management Metrics can be a useful tool for managers to forecast if a particular batch of coffee could be suitable for a determined target market. In this study, a cross-case analysis of the coffee production chain was performed, and quantitative thresholds were established along the different steps. This information can provide managers with up-to-date information regarding the potential use of each batch, minimizing food waste, assuring food safety, and improving chain efficiency.Peer reviewe

Habitual yogurt consumption and health-related quality of life: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is a global indicator of perceived health status, which includes physical and mental domains. Several biological mechanisms might support an association between consumption of yogurt and better HRQL. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the association between habitual yogurt consumption and HRQL in the general adult population. DESIGN: We conducted a prospective study with 4,445 individuals aged 18 years and older who were recruited in 2008 to 2010 and were followed up to 2012. Habitual yogurt consumption was assessed at baseline with a validated diet history. HRQL was measured with the Physical Composite Summary and the Mental Composite Summary of the Spanish version of the SF-12 Health Survey. The analysis of the association between baseline yogurt consumption and HRQL at 2012 was performed with linear regression and adjusted for the main confounders, including baseline HRQL. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 3.5 years (standard deviation=0.6 years). Compared with nonconsumers of yogurt, the Physical Composite Summary scores were similar in habitual consumers of ≤6 servings/week (β=.40; P=0.20) and in consumers of ≥1 serving/day (β=.25; P=0.45). A suggestion of tendency toward a lower Mental Composite Summary score was found among daily yogurt consumers (β=-.65; P=0.09; P for trend across categories=0.07). Results were similar among individuals without morbidity, never smokers, and individuals with higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS: Habitual yogurt consumption did not show an association with improved HRQL

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases and All-Cause Mortality Among Men With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Coffee consumption has been linked to detrimental acute metabolic and hemodynamic effects. We investigated coffee consumption in relation to risk of CVDs and mortality in diabetic men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study including 3,497 diabetic men without CVD at baseline. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, smoking, and other cardiovascular risk factors, relative risks (RRs) were 0.88 (95% CI 0.50–1.57) for CVDs (P for trend = 0.29) and 0.80 (0.41–1.54) for all-cause mortality (P for trend = 0.45) for the consumption of ≥4 cups/day of caffeinated coffee compared with those for non–coffee drinkers. Stratification by smoking and duration of diabetes yielded similar results. RRs for caffeine intake for the highest compared with the lowest quintile were 1.02 (0.70–1.47; P for trend = 0.96) for CVDs and 0.96 (0.64–1.44; P for trend = 0.69) for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that regular coffee consumption is not associated with increased risk for CVDs or mortality in diabetic men

The Southern European Atlantic Diet and all-cause mortality in older adults

The Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEAD) is the traditional diet of Northern Portugal and North-Western Spain. Higher adherence to the SEAD has been associated with lower levels of some cardiovascular risk factors and reduced risk for myocardial infarction, but whether this translates into lower all-cause mortality is uncertain. We hence examined the association between adherence to the SEAD and all-cause mortality in older adults. Methods: Data were taken from the Seniors-ENRICA-1 cohort, which included 3165 individuals representative of the non-institutionalized population aged ≥ 60 years in Spain. Food consumption was assessed with a validated diet history, and adherence to the SEAD was measured with an index comprising 9 food components: fresh fish, cod, red meat and pork products, dairy products, legumes and vegetables, vegetable soup, potatoes, whole-grain bread, and wine. Vital status was ascertained with the National Death Index of Spain. Statistical analyses were performed with Cox regression models and adjusted for the main confounders. Results: During a median follow-up of 10.9 years, 646 deaths occurred. Higher adherence to the SEAD was associated with lower all-cause mortality (fully adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] per 1-SD increment in the SEAD score 0.86 [0.79, 0.94]; p-trend < 0.001). Most food components of the SEAD showed some tendency to lower all-cause mortality, especially moderate wine consumption (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.71 [0.59, 0.86]). The results were robust in several sensitivity analyses. The protective association between SEAD and all-cause death was of similar magnitude to that found for the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] per 1-SD increment 0.89 [0.80, 0.98]) and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (0.83 [0.76, 0.92]). Conclusions: Adherence to the SEAD is associated with a lower risk of all-cause death among older adults in SpainThe present study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, State Secretary of R+D+I and FEDER/FSE (FIS grants 16/609, 16/1512, 18/287, and 19/319); JPI-A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life, State Secretary of R+D+I (the Salamander Project, grant number PCIN-2016-145); and the Cátedra de Epidemiología y Control del Riesgo Cardiovascular at UAM (grant number 820024

Duration and quality of sleep and risk of physical function impairment and disability in older adults: Results from the ENRICA and ELSA Cohorts

Sleep duration and quality have been associated with poor physical function, but both the temporality of the association and the independence of sleep duration and quality are unclear. We examined the prospective association of sleep duration and quality with physical function impairment and disability in older adults. Data were taken from participants in the Seniors-ENRICA (2012-2015, n= 1,773) and in the ELSA cohort (waves 4 and 6, n=4,885) aged ≥60 years. Sleep duration and quality were self-reported. Physical function impairment and disability was obtained either from self-reports (ENRICA and ELSA) or from performance assessment (ENRICA). Logistic regression models were adjusted for potential confounders. After a follow-up of 2.0-2.8 years, no association was found between changes in sleep duration and physical function impairment or disability. However, in both studies, poor general sleep quality was linked to higher risk of impaired agility [OR: 1.93 (95% CI: 1.30-2.86) in Seniors-ENRICA and 1.65 (1.24-2.18) in ELSA study] and mobility [1.46 (0.98-2.17) in Seniors-ENRICA and 1.59 (1.18-2.15) in ELSA study]. Poor general sleep quality was also associated with decreased physical component summary (PCS) [1.39 (1.05-1.83)], disability in instrumental activities of daily living [1.59 (0.97-2.59)] and in basic activities of daily living [1.73 (1.14-2.64)] in Seniors-ENRICA. In addition, compared to those with no sleep complaints, participants with 2 or more sleep complaints had greater risk of impaired agility, impaired mobility, decreased PCS and impaired lower extremity function in both cohorts. Poor sleep quality was associated with higher risk of physical impairment and disability in older adults from Spain and from EnglandThe Seniors-ENRICA study was supported by FIS grants 13/0288, 16/609 and 16/1512 (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, State Secretary of R+D+I, and FEDER/FSE), the FRAILOMIC Initiative (FP7-HEALTH-2012-Proposal no. 305483-2), the ATHLOS project (EU H2020- Project ID: 635316) and the JPI HDHL (SALAMANDER project

Consumption of food fried in olive oil and unhealthy aging in a Mediterranean country

Fried food has usually shown neutral or detrimental effects on many chronic diseases, possibly depending on the type of food fried and the frying oil, but its relationship with unhealthy aging is unknown. We examined how changes in fried food consumption over a 3-year period were linked to unhealthy aging over 3 and 6 years. Methods: Prospective cohort study in Spain with 2043 individuals aged ≥60 years, recruited in 2008–2010 and followed-up to 2012 and 2015. Fried food consumption was ascertained with a validated diet history, and unhealthy aging was measured with a 52-item health deficit accumulation index. Results: Compared with participants who reduced fried food consumption, those who increased it showed less deficit accumulation over 3 years (multivariable β [95% confidence interval]: −1.45 [−2.30, −0.61]), but not over 6 years of follow-up. More 3-year deficit accumulation was observed when replacing 100 g/day of fried food with an equal amount of non-fried food (1.48 [0.59, 2.37]); corresponding values in substitution analyses were 2.03 [1.03, 3.03] for fried protein-rich food, 10.76 [5.20, 16.33] for fried eggs, and 2.06 [0.68, 3.43] for fried fish. Also, increased olive oil intake was significantly associated with less 3-year deficit accumulation (total olive oil: −1.14 [−2.07, −0.21], and olive oil with non-fried food: −0.99 [−1.89, −0.08]). Conclusions: In a Mediterranean country, where olive oil is the most common frying medium, increased fried food consumption was associated with delayed unhealthy aging over 3 years of follow-up; consumption of olive oil and fried protein-rich food (especially eggs and fish) were its main drivers. However, these associations did not generally remain after 6 yearsThis work was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, State Secretary of R+D+I, and FEDER/FSE (FIS grants 16/609, 16/1512, 18/287, and 19/319); JPI-A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life, State Secretary of R+D+I (the Salamander Project, grant number PCIN-2016-145); and the Cátedra de Epidemiología y Control del Riesgo Cardiovascular at UAM (grant number 820024

Dietary fat intake and risk of disabling hearing impairment: a prospective population-based cohort study

Purpose: To examine the associations of specific dietary fats with the risk of disabling hearing impairment in the UK Biobank study. Methods: This cohort study investigated 105,592 participants (47,308 men and 58,284 women) aged ≥ 40 years. Participants completed a minimum of one valid 24-h recall (Oxford Web-Q). Dietary intake of total fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was assessed at baseline. Functional auditory capacity was measured with a digit triplet test (DTT), and disabling hearing impairment was defined as a speech reception threshold in noise > − 3.5 dB in any physical exam performed during the follow-up. Results: Over a median follow-up of 3.2 (SD: 2.1) years, 832 men and 872 women developed disabling hearing impairment. After adjustment for potential confounders, including lifestyles, exposure to high-intensity sounds, ototoxic medication and comorbidity, the hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence interval (CI) of disabling hearing function, comparing extreme quintiles of intakes were 0.91 (0.71–1.17) for total fat, 1.09 (0.83–1.44) for PUFA, 0.85 (0.64–1.13) for SFA and 1.01 (0.74–1.36) for MUFA among men. Among women, HRs comparing extreme intakes were 0.98 (0.78–1.24) for total fat, 0.69 (0.53–0.91) for PUFA, 1.26 (0.96–1.65) for SFA, and 0.91 (0.68–1.23) for MUFA. Replacing 5% of energy intake from SFA with an equivalent energy from PUFA was associated with 25% risk reduction (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.74–0.77) among women. Conclusions: PUFA intake was associated with decreased risk of disabling hearing function in women, but not in menUK Biobank was established by the Wellcome Trust medical charity, Medical Research Council, Department of Health, Scottish Government and the Northwest Regional Development Agency. It has also had funding from the Welsh Government, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, and Diabetes UK. This work was supported by FIS grants 19/319 and 20/1040, (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, State Secretary of R + D + I and FEDER/FSE

Leptin concentration and risk of impaired physical function in older adults: the Seniors-ENRICA cohort

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Age and Ageing following peer review. The version of record Alberto Lana, Ellen Struijk, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Jose María Martín-Moreno, Fernando Rodríguez Artalejo, Esther Lopez-Garcia; Leptin concentration and risk of impaired physical function in older adults: the Seniors-ENRICA cohort. Age Ageing 45.6 (2016): 819-826 is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1093/ageing/afw142Leptin resistance, which may develop during the aging process, stimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance that could impair the muscle function. However, the role of leptin on physical functioning among older adults has not yet been elucidated. Objective: To examine the association between serum leptin levels and physical function impairment in older adults. Design and setting: Prospective study of 1,556 individuals aged ≥60 years from the Seniors-ENRICA cohort, who were free of physical function limitation at baseline. Main outcome measure: Serum leptin was measured in 2008-2010, and incident functional limitation was assessed through 2012. Self-reported limitations in agility and mobility were assessed with the Rosow and Breslau scale, limitation in the lower extremity function was measured with the Short Physical Performance Battery, and impairment in the overall physical performance with the physical component summary of the SF-12. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, and compared to individuals in the lowest quartile of leptin concentration, those in the highest quartile showed increased risk of impaired physical function; the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) and p-trend was: 1.95 (1.11-3.43), p=0.006 for self-reported impaired mobility; 1.76 (1.08-2.87), p=0.02 for self-reported impaired agility; 1.48 (1.02-2.15), p=0.04 for limitation in the lower extremity function; and 1.97 (1.20-3.22), p=0.01 for decreased overall physical performance. These associations were only modestly explained by C-reactive protein and insulin resistance. Moreover, the associations held across groups with varying health status and were independent of estimated total body fat. Conclusions: Higher leptin concentration was associated with increased risk of impaired physical function. Preserving metabolic function during the old age could help delaying physical function declineThis work was supported by FIS grants 12/1166 and 13/0288 (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, State Secretary of R+D+I, and FEDER/FSE), the CIBERESP, the FRAILOMIC Initiative (FP7-HEALTH-2012-Proposal no. 305483-2) and the ATHLOS project (EU H2020- Project ID: 635316