Experiences Situating Mathematical Problem Solving At The Core Of Early Childhood Classrooms

Our goal in this article is to discuss the importance of problems in early childhood education for the child’s development and engagement with the mathematics existing in childhood culture. Our assumption is that an important task for young children’s education is to create a democratic and critical environment, in which multiplicity of perspectives is celebrated, along with diversity of concepts and practices, with movement between imaginary and real worlds. In light of this, the goal of this article is to defend a perspective for curriculum and for the role of the mathematics educator, promoting the learning of mathematics through problem solving in early childhood years. In order to discuss and illustrate this perspective we describe the pedagogical practices of two teachers who teach 4- and 5-years-olds, who create for their students an environment rich in problem solving and investigations. In both classrooms, all children individually succeeded in sharing their unique solutions and new knowledge constructed as a result of their inquiries. The experience provides evidence that problem solving affords children the opportunity to raise conjectures, to discuss possibilities and to draw conclusions, even if partial ones, that are then vetted by the group as the authors share their solutions. In this way, the work with problem solving nurtures cooperative learning and promotes the exploration of a diversity of ideas. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.45225125

Comparaison entre modèles de prévision de crues

La prévision des crues, à partir des données de niveau d'eau et de débit, est devenue une question d'actualité dans l'ensemble du Brésil, à la suite des inondations catastrophiques survenues dans le Sud en 1983-84 et, plus récemment, dans le Nord-Est. Six modèles mathématiques de prévision des niveaux de l'eau durant les crues ont été retenus pour examen : modèles linéaire, non-linéaire, linéaire-empirique et modèles aux différences-simple, différences-empirique et différences-séparé. Ils ont été employés sur un bief de 122 km du fleuve Jacui (Etat du Rio Grande do Sul), afin d'établir le système d'alerte contre les crues de la ville de Cachoeira do Sul. Pour effectuer cette comparaison, sept crues ont été choisies parmi les vingt-huit pour lesquelles on disposait de données. Il semble que le modèle aux "différences-simple" soit celui qui donne les meilleurs résultats. (Résumé d'auteur

PCR identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in a clinical sample from a patient with symptoms of tuberculous spondylodiscitis

A 42-year-old male complaining of thoracic spine pain was admitted to the hospital for evaluation. An X-ray and computer tomography of the thoracic spine showed spondylodiscitis of the L3 lumbar and L2-L3 intervertebral disk. The tuberculin skin test (PPD) was strongly positive. A radioscopy-guided fine needle aspirate of the affected area was cultured but did not reveal the cause of the disease. Two biopsy attempts failed to reveal the cause of the disease by culturing or by acid-fast-resistant staining (Ziehl Neelsen) of the specimens. A third biopsy also failed to detect the infectious agent by using microbiological procedures, but revealed the presence of a 245-bp amplicon characteristic of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex after PCR of the sample. The result demonstrates the efficacy of PCR for the identification of M. tuberculosis in situations in which conventional diagnosis by culturing techniques or direct microscopy is unable to detect the microorganism. Following this result the patient was treated with the antituberculous cocktail composed by rifampicin, pirazinamide and isoniazid during a six-month period. At the end of the treatment the dorsalgia symptoms had disappeared

O Papel Da Estatística Na Formação Do Engenheiro De Produção

This text results from a doctoral research aimed to investigate how the statistical training in the course of Production Engineering (PE) of a Federal Institution of Education in Vitória, Espírito Santo is carried out. The theoretical framework focused on the Philosophy of Science, in Critical Education, and in Statistics Education theorists. Data was built using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. We attempted to meet the Engineer's needs, weaknesses, and misconceptions about statistical knowledge. From Content Analysis, subcategories were established and they showed the need to articulate Statistics with other curriculum components since the beginning of the course. The statistical knowledge developed at graduation is fragmented.30561300131

Increased sympathetic activity in normotensive offspring of malignant hypertensive parents compared to offspring of normotensive parents

Malignant hypertension seems to be the consequence of very high blood pressure. Furthermore, an increase in sympathetic and renin-angiotensin system activity is considered to be the main mechanisms producing malignant hypertension. In the present study, 10 offspring of malignant hypertensive (OMH) parents (age 28 ± 5 years, 7 males, 3 females, 2 white and 8 non-white) and 10 offspring of normotensive (ONT) parents (age 28 ± 6 years, 2 males, 8 females, 3 white and 7 non-white) were evaluated. The OMH group had significantly higher (P < 0.05) casual blood pressure (125 ± 10/81 ± 5 mmHg) compared with ONT (99 ± 13/67 ± 5 mmHg). The increase in blood pressure was greater in OMH (&#916; SBP = 17 ± 2 vs &#916; SBP = 9 ± 1 mmHg in ONT) during cold pressor testing, but they had a lower increase in heart rate (&#916; HR = 13 ± 2 vs &#916; HR = 20 ± 3 bpm in ONT) during isometric exercise (handgrip test). Sympathetic activity, measured by microneurography, was significantly higher (P < 0.05) before exercise in OMH (17 ± 6 vs 11 ± 4 burst/min in ONT) and exhibited a greater increase (&#916; = 18 ± 10 vs &#916; = 8 ± 3 burst/min in ONT) during isometric exercise. This study showed increased sympathetic activity in OMH before exercise and a greater response during isometric exercise, suggesting an autonomic abnormality before exercise and a greater sympathetic response to physical stress in OMH compared to ONT

Epstein-Barr virus infection and gastric carcinoma in São Paulo State, Brazil

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, and most people have serological evidence of previous viral infection at adult age. EBV is associated with infectious mononucleosis and human cancers, including some lymphomas and gastric carcinomas. Although EBV was first reported in lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma, the virus was also found in conventional adenocarcinomas. In the present study, 53 gastric carcinomas diagnosed in São Paulo State, Brazil, were evaluated for EBV infection by non-isotopic in situ hybridization with a biotinylated probe (Biotin-AGACACCGTCCTCACCACCC GGGACTTGTA) directed to the viral transcript EBER-I, which is actively expressed in EBV latently infected cells. EBV infection was found in 6 of 53 (11.32%) gastric carcinomas, mostly from male patients (66.7%), with a mean age of 59 years old. Most EBV-positive tumors were in gastric antrum. Two EBV-positive tumors (33.3%) were conventional adenocarcinomas, whereas four (66.7%) were classified as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. EBV infection in gastric carcinomas was reported elsewhere in frequencies that range from 5.6% (Korea) up to 18% (Germany). In Brazil, a previous work found EBV infection in 4 of 80 (5%) gastric carcinomas, whereas another study found 4.7 and 11.2% of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas of Brazilians of Japanese origin or not, respectively. In the present study, the frequency of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas is similar to that reported in other series, and the clinicopathologic characteristics of these EBV-positive tumors are in agreement with the data in the literature.1707171

Epstein-barr Virus Infection And Gastric Carcinoma In São Paulo, Brazil

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, and most people have serological evidence of previous viral infection at adult age. EBV is associated with infectious mononucleosis and human cancers, including some lymphomas and gastric carcinomas. Although EBV was first reported in lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma, the virus was also found in conventional adenocarcinomas. In the present study, 53 gastric carcinomas diagnosed in São Paulo State, Brazil, were evaluated for EBV infection by non-isotopic in situ hybridization with a biotinylated probe (Biotin-AGACACCGTCCTCACCACCC GGGACTTGTA) directed to the viral transcript EBER-I, which is actively expressed in EBV latently infected cells. EBV infection was found in 6 of 53 (11.32%) gastric carcinomas, mostly from male patients (66.7%), with a mean age of 59 years old. Most EBV-positive tumors were in gastric antrum. Two EBV-positive tumors (33.3%) were conventional adenocarcinomas, whereas four (66.7%) were classified as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. EBV infection in gastric carcinomas was reported elsewhere in frequencies that range from 5.6% (Korea) up to 18% (Germany). In Brazil, a previous work found EBV infection in 4 of 80 (5%) gastric carcinomas, whereas another study found 4.7 and 11.2% of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas of Brazilians of Japanese origin or not, respectively. 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J.F., Association of Epstein-Barr virus with thymic carcinoma (1985) New England Journal of Medicine, 312, pp. 1296-1299Dimery, I.W., Lee, J.S., Blick, M., Pearson, G., Spitzer, G., Hong, W.K., Association of Epstein-Barr virus with lymphoepithelioma of the thymus (1988) Cancer, 61, pp. 2475-2480Butler, A.E., Colby, T.V., Weiss, L., Lombard, C., Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung (1989) American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 13, pp. 632-639Burke, A.P., Yen, T.S., Shekitka, K.M., Sobin, L.H., Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the stomach with Epstein-Barr virus demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (1990) Modern Pathology, 3, pp. 377-380Min, K.W., Holmquist, S., Peiper, S.C., O'Leary, T.J., Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with lymphoid stroma (lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas) of the stomach: Report of three cases with Epstein-Barr virus genomes demonstrated by the polymerase chain reaction (1991) American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 96, pp. 219-227Shibata, D., Tokunaga, M., Uemura, Y., Sato, E., Tanaka, S., Weiss, L.M., Association of Epstein-Barr virus with undifferentiated gastric carcinoma with intense lymphoid infiltration: Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (1991) American Journal of Pathology, 139, pp. 469-474Niedobitek, G., Herbst, H., Young, L.S., Rowe, M., Dienemann, D., Germer, C., Stein, H., Epstein-Barr virus and carcinomas: Expression of the viral genome in an undifferentiated gastric carcinoma (1992) Diagnostic Molecular Pathology, 1, pp. 103-108Nakamura, S., Ueki, T., Yao, T., Ueyama, T., Tsuneyoshi, M., Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (1994) Cancer, 73, pp. 2239-2249Oda, K., Tamaru, J., Takenouchi, T., Mikata, A., Nunomura, M., Saitoh, N., Sarashina, H., Nakajima, N., Association of Epstein-Barr virus with gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (1993) American Journal of Pathology, 143, pp. 1063-1071Matsunou, H., Konishi, F., Hori, H., Ikeda, T., Sasaki, K., Hirose, Y., Yamamichi, N., 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Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Câncer - INCA INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilShibata, D., Weiss, L.M., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric adenocarcinoma (1992) American Journal of Pathology, 140, pp. 769-774Shibata, D., Hawes, D., Stemmermann, G.N., Weiss, L.M., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric adenocarcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii (1993) Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 2, pp. 213-217Gulley, M.L., Pulitzer, D.R., Eagan, P.A., Schneider, B.G., Epstein-Barr virus infection is an early event in gastric carcinogenesis and is independent of bcl-2 expression and p53 accumulation (1996) Human Pathology, 27, pp. 20-27Herrera-Goepfert, R., Reyes, E., Hernandez-Avila, M., Mohar, A., Shinkura, R., Fujiyama, C., Akiba, S., Tokunaga, M., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in Mexico: Analysis of 135 consecutive gastrectomies in two hospitals (1999) Modern Pathology, 12, pp. 873-878Tokunaga, M., Land, C.E., Uemura, Y., Tokudome, T., Tanaka, S., Sato, E., Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinoma (1993) American Journal of Pathology, 143, pp. 1250-1254Fukayama, M., Hayashi, Y., Iwasaki, Y., Chong, J., Ooba, T., Takizawa, T., Koike, M., Hirai, K., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma and Epstein-Barr virus infection of the stomach (1994) Laboratory Investigation, 71, pp. 73-81Takano, Y., Kato, Y., Saegusa, M., Mori, S., Shiota, M., Masuda, M., Mikami, T., Okayasu, I., The role of the Epstein-Barr virus in the oncogenesis of EBV(+) gastric carcinomas (1999) Virchows Archives, 434, pp. 17-22Qiu, K., Tomita, Y., Hashimoto, M., Ohsawa, M., Kawano, K., Wu, D.M., Aozasa, K., Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinoma in Suzhou, China and Osaka, Japan: Association with clinico-pathologic factors and HLA-subtype (1997) International Journal of Cancer, 71, pp. 155-158Yuen, S.T., Chung, L.P., Leung, S.Y., Luk, I.S., Chan, S.Y., Ho, J., In situ detection of Epstein-Barr virus in gastric and colorectal adenocarcinomas (1994) American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 18, pp. 1158-1163Harn, H.J., Chang, J.Y., Wang, M.W., Ho, L.I., Lee, H.S., Chiang, J.H., Lee, W.H., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in Taiwan (1995) Human Pathology, 26, pp. 267-271Shin, W.S., Kang, M.W., Kang, J.H., Choi, M.K., Ahn, B.M., Kim, J.K., Sun, H.S., Min, K.W., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric adenocarcinomas among Koreans (1996) American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 105, pp. 174-181Chang, M.S., Lee, H.S., Kim, C.W., Kim, Y.I., Kim, W.H., Clinicopathologic characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus-incorporated gastric cancers in Korea (2001) Pathology, Research and Practice, 197, pp. 395-400Galetsky, S.A., Tsvetnov, W., Land, C.E., Afanasieva, T.A., Petrovichev, N.N., Gurtsevitch, V.E., Tokunaga, M., Epstein-Barr-virus-associated gastric cancer in Russia (1997) International Journal of Cancer, 73, pp. 786-789Selves, J., Bibeau, F., Brousset, P., Meggetto, F., Mazerolles, C., Voigt, J.J., Pradere, B., Delsol, G., Epstein-Barr virus latent and replicative gene expression in gastric carcinoma (1996) Histopathology, 28, pp. 121-127Ott, G., Kirchner, T., Müller-Hermelink, H.K., Monoclonal Epstein-Barr virus genome but lack of EBV-related protein expression in different types of gastric carcinoma (1994) Histopathology, 25, pp. 323-329Hayashi, K., Chen, W.G., Chen, Y.Y., Deletion of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 gene in Japanese and Brazilian gastric carcinomas, metastatic lesions, and reactive lymphocytes (1998) American Journal of Pathology, 152, pp. 191-19

Kullback-Leibler and Renormalized Entropy: Applications to EEGs of Epilepsy Patients

Recently, renormalized entropy was proposed as a novel measure of relative entropy (P. Saparin et al., Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 4, 1907 (1994)) and applied to several physiological time sequences, including EEGs of patients with epilepsy. We show here that this measure is just a modified Kullback-Leibler (K-L) relative entropy, and it gives similar numerical results to the standard K-L entropy. The latter better distinguishes frequency contents of e.g. seizure and background EEGs than renormalized entropy. We thus propose that renormalized entropy might not be as useful as claimed by its proponents. In passing we also make some critical remarks about the implementation of these methods.Comment: 15 pages, 4 Postscript figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev. E, 199

Avaliação de espécies leguminosas na formação de cafezais no segmento da agricultura familiar no Acre.

Leguminosas quando consorciadas com o café e usadas como adubação verde podem contribuir fornecendo nitrogênio e proteção ao solo pela adição de matéria orgânica. O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do uso de leguminosas no sistema de produção de café, no segmento de agricultura familiar, visando promover a implantação e a manutenção dos cafezais de forma técnica e economicamente sustentável. O experimento foi conduzido no período de novembro de 2000 a abril de 2003, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados nas parcelas foram as leguminosas (Stizolobium atterrimum, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia endiformis e Flemingia congesta) e a testemunha (sem leguminosa) e, nas subparcelas, duas doses de N (0 e 22 g de N por cova). A Flemingia congesta e a Mucuna aterrima foram as leguminosas que mais influenciaram positivamente a produtividade dos cafeeiros, independente da adubação nitrogenada. Em relação à testemunha, o aumento em produção foi de 109% quando utilizou-se a Flemingia congesta e 52% com a Mucuna aterrima. A Flemingia congesta foi também a leguminosa que melhor controlou as invasoras, dado o volume de fitomassa produzida e a possibilidade de 2 cortes durante um período de doze meses, evidenciando o potencial desta leguminosa na formação de novos cafezais no Acre. Por outro lado, a Canavalia ensiformis, leguminosa que é normalmente utilizada nas entrelinhas dos cafeeiros pelos cafeicultores, do Acre e de outras regiões produtoras, neste trabalho influenciou negativamente a altura das plantas, diâmetro da copa e crescimento dos cafeeiros

The scintillation and ionization yield of liquid xenon for nuclear recoils

XENON10 is an experiment designed to directly detect particle dark matter. It is a dual phase (liquid/gas) xenon time-projection chamber with 3D position imaging. Particle interactions generate a primary scintillation signal (S1) and ionization signal (S2), which are both functions of the deposited recoil energy and the incident particle type. We present a new precision measurement of the relative scintillation yield \leff and the absolute ionization yield Q_y, for nuclear recoils in xenon. A dark matter particle is expected to deposit energy by scattering from a xenon nucleus. Knowledge of \leff is therefore crucial for establishing the energy threshold of the experiment; this in turn determines the sensitivity to particle dark matter. Our \leff measurement is in agreement with recent theoretical predictions above 15 keV nuclear recoil energy, and the energy threshold of the measurement is 4 keV. A knowledge of the ionization yield \Qy is necessary to establish the trigger threshold of the experiment. The ionization yield \Qy is measured in two ways, both in agreement with previous measurements and with a factor of 10 lower energy threshold.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures. To be published in Nucl. Instrum. Methods