Jovens no movimento : Hip Hop e participação social

36

Jovens no movimento : Hip Hop e participação social

36

Influence of the ultrasound pre-treatment in the quantity and quality of the essential oil of Varrona curassavica Jacq., Lippia origanoides Kunth. and Ocimum gratissimum L.

A aplicação do pré-tratamento com ultrassom e a secagem de espécies medicinais utilizando bomba de calor como fonte de aquecimento podem permitir que o produto seja seco mais rapidamente e com menores temperaturas em relação às técnicas de secagem tradicionais. No entanto, faze-se necessário avaliar a quantidade e a qualidade do óleo essencial produzido a partir de plantas submetidas a esse processo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da aplicação do pré-tratamento de ultrassom sobre a quantidade e a qualidade do óleo essencial de Varronia curassavica Jacq., Lippia origanoides Kunth. e Ocimum gratissimum L., utilizando para secagem um sistema com bomba de calor. Para isso, as folhas foram colhidas, submetidas ao pré-tratamento de ultrassom (0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 minutos) e na sequência realizou-se a secagem utilizando bomba de calor como fonte de aquecimento a 40 oC. A extração do óleo foi realizada por hidrodestilação. A análise de seus componentes foi realizada através de técnicas cromatográficas (GC-MS/GC-FID). Com base nos resultados obtidos pôde-se concluir que as espécies apresentaram comportamentos diferentes com relação à qualidade e quantidade do óleo essencial extraído das mesmas após serem submetidas ao pré-tratamento. Para V. curassavica e L. origanoides foi possível determinar um tempo de pré-tratamento de ultrassom em que ocorreu a redução do tempo de secagem, obtenção de maior quantidade de óleo essencial, e preservação da qualidade, avaliada em função do teor do marcador químico da espécie, 3 e 5 minutos, respectivamente. No entanto, para O. gratissimum não é recomendado a aplicação do pré- tratamento de ultrassom, pois observou-se que, nas condições estudadas, houve redução significativa do rendimento de óleo essencial quando aplicado o pré-tratamento. Provavelmente tais diferenças se devem às estruturas das folhas dessas espécies. Portanto, sugere-se que para cada planta medicinal é necessário um estudo individualizado da secagem com aplicação prévia de ultrassom, não podendo ser estendido, de maneira empírica, para outras espécies.The application of ultrasound pre-treatment followed by drying of medicinal plants that uses heat pump as a heat source can allow the product to be dried more rapidly and at lower temperatures compared with the traditional drying techniques. However, we need to evaluate the quality and quantity of produced essential oil from plants subjected to this process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of ultrasound pre-treatment on the quantity and quality of essential oil from Varronia curassavica Jacq., Lippia origanoides Kunth. and Ocimum gratissimum L., using a drying system with a heat pump. In order to accomplish that, the leaves were harvested, subjected to ultrasound pre- treatment (0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 minutes) followed by drying using a heat pump as the source of heating at 40 °C. Oil extraction was performed by hydrodistillation. Component analysis was carried out using chromatographic techniques (GC-MS / GC-FID). Based on these results, it was concluded that species presented different behaviors regarding the quality and quantity of essential oil extracted from them, after being submitted to the pre-treatment. For V. curassavica and L. origanoides it was possible to determine the ultrasound pre-treatment time point at which the reduction of the drying time, higher essential oil yield and quality preservation have occured, assessed in terms of species chemical marker content, 3 and 5 minutes, respectively. However, O. gratissimum is not recommended for ultrasound pre-treatment using, since it was observed a significant decrease in oil yield under the tested conditions. It is suspected that these differences are due to the structure of the leaves of these species. Therefore, it is suggested that, for each medicinal plant is necessary to study specific drying conditions prior to the application of ultrasound. Thus, it cannot be empirically extended to other species.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Physicochemical characterization in wines of vinifera and american grapes and evaluation of the oxidative process by ozonation

A vitivinicultura brasileira sempre se caracterizou pela produção de vinhos comuns de uvas americanas, mais adaptáveis às condições climáticas do Brasil. Entretanto, os vinhos finos produzidos com variedades da espécie Vitis vinífera são considerados de melhor qualidade e sua produção e consumo tem aumentado significativamente no Brasil e no mundo. São vinhos claramente distintos em termos sensoriais, embora a sua composição, em termos de legislação, seja a mesma. A primeira parte deste trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização físico-química de vinhos de uvas viníferas e uvas americanas e a comparação da composição dos mesmos. Os vinhos provenientes da espécie vinífera apresentaram, de uma maneira geral, maior teor alcoólico, pH, concentração de sólidos solúveis totais, açúcares redutores, extrato seco, extrato seco reduzido, sulfito total e combinado, e menor acidez. Essas características podem evidenciar a melhor adequação das uvas viníferas ao processo de produção de vinhos. Os demais parâmetros analisados, referentes à cor e compostos voláteis, não apresentaram características similares para vinhos do mesmo grupo, indicando uma não dependência da espécie de uva, e sim da sua variedade. A fim de melhorar as características de cor, sabor e aroma desta bebida, surgiram técnicas que promovem sua oxidação, com objetivo de acelerar o seu processo de maturação, melhorando sua qualidade, que é um fator decisivo na escolha de um vinho. Dessa forma, a segunda parte deste trabalho avaliou o processo oxidativo por ozônio e suas implicações nas características químicas e de cor dos vinhos. Foi observado aumento significativo na concentração de acetaldeido, produto da oxidação do etanol, e reduções das concentrações de sulfito total, sulfito livre, antocianinas totais, antocianinas monoméricas, antocianinas poliméricas e polifenóis totais. No geral, essas reduções foram proporcionais à concentração de ozônio aplicada e refletiram nas características de cor e capacidade antioxidante dos vinhos, de forma que o efeito da ozonização sobre essas propriedades foi maior do que o previsto.Brazilian wine industry has always been characterized by the production of common wine from american grapes, more adaptable to climatic conditions in Brazil. However, the fine wines produced from the varieties of the specie Vitis vinifera are considered of better quality and their production and consumption has increased significantly in Brazil and worldwide. Their wines are clearly distinct in sensory terms, although its composition, in terms of legislation, is the same. The first part of this study had the objective of physicochemical characterization of wines from american grapes and wines from vinifera grapes and the comparison of the composition of these wines. The wines from vinifera species showed, in general, higher alcohol content, pH, total soluble solids, reducing sugars, dry extract, dry extract lowered, total and combined sulfite, and lower acidity. These characteristics can show the best fit of the vinifera grapes to the winemaking process. The other parameters, regarding the color and the volatiles compounds, did not show similar characteristics to wines of the same group, indicating a non-dependency on the grape species, but on its variety. In order to improve the characteristics of color, flavor and aroma of this drink, techniques have been developed to promote its oxidation, improving its quality, which is a decisive factor when choosing a wine. Therefore, the second part of this study evaluated the oxidation process by ozone, aiming the acceleration of its maturation process, and its implications on the chemical characteristics and color of wines. A significant increase in the concentration of acetaldehyde, the oxidation product of ethanol, and reduction of the concentrations of total sulfite, sulfite free, anthocyanins, monomeric anthocyanins, polymeric anthocyanins and phenolic compounds was observed. Overall, these reductions were proportional to the concentration of ozone applied and reflected in the characteristics of color and antioxidant capacity of wines, in a way that the effect of ozonation on these properties was higher than expected.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

A Novel Mutant Allele of Pw1/Peg3 Does Not Affect Maternal Behavior or Nursing Behavior

International audienceParental imprinting is a mammalian-specific form of epigenetic regulation in which one allele of a gene is silenced depending on its parental origin. Parentally imprinted genes have been shown to play a role in growth, metabolism, cancer, and behavior. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying parental imprinting have been largely elucidated, the selective advantage of silencing one allele remains unclear. The mutant phenotype of the imprinted gene, Pw1/Peg3, provides a key example to illustrate the hypothesis on a coadaptation between mother and offspring, in which Pw1/Peg3 is required for a set of essential maternal behaviors, such as nursing, nest building, and postnatal care. We have generated a novel Pw1/Peg3 mutant allele that targets the last exon for the PW1 protein that contains >90% of the coding sequence resulting in a loss of Pw1/Peg3 expression. In contrast to previous reports that have targeted upstream exons, we observe that maternal behavior and lactation are not disrupted upon loss of Pw1/Peg3. Both paternal and homozygous Pw1/Peg3 mutant females nurse and feed their pups properly and no differences are detected in either oxytocin neuron number or oxytocin plasma levels. In addition, suckling capacities are normal in mutant pups. Consistent with previous reports, we observe a reduction of postnatal growth. These results support a general role for Pw1/Peg3 in the regulation of body growth but not maternal care and lactation

Lactation is not compromised in <i>Pw1</i> mutant mice.

<p><b>A.</b> Birth weight of <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i> pups born to <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i>, <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i>, or <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m-/p+</i> mothers is unchanged (n = 7, 13, and 8 pups, respectively). <b>B.</b> Early postnatal growth of wild-type progeny of <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i> mothers is comparable to wild-type progeny of <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i> mothers. Weights were measured at postnatal days 2, 7, 10, 14, and 21, prior to weaning (n = 15, and n = 14 pups from at least 7 breedings <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i> x <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i>, and 7 breedings <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i> x <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i>, respectively). No significant differences were found. <b>C.</b> Early postnatal growth of <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m-/p+</i> progeny to <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i> and <i>Pw1</i>^<i>-/-</i> mothers crossed with a <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i> male are comparable. Weights have been measured at postnatal days 2, 7, 10, 14, and 21, prior to weaning (n = 9, n = 11, for breedings <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i> x <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i> and <i>Pw1</i>^<i>-/-</i> x <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i>, respectively). No significant differences were found. <b>D.</b> Milk intake was assessed by measuring the gain of pup weight after a 2 hour starvation period at postnatal day 7. Milk intake of <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i> pups was similar to <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i> (<i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i>: n = 20 pups; <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i>: n = 19 pups obtained from 5 independent breedings). The two-sided arrow indicates the 2 hour time-window when the pups were starved. <b>E.</b> Milk spot in day 0 pups (arrow). <b>F and G.</b> Percentage of postnatal day 2 pups showing a significant milk spot size from the following breedings: a female <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i> crossed with a male <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i> (F) and a female <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i> crossed with a male <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i> (G). The number of pups used is indicated on bars, with the number of independent breedings indicated in brackets. In all graphs, values represent mean ± s.e.m. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA test.</p

<i>Pw1</i> deletion does not result in significant decrease in oxytocin production and release.

<p><b>A.</b> Left panel: schematic sagittal section of the adult mouse brain showing sectioning direction (arrow) on interaural coordinates. Right panel: schematic coronal section of the adult mouse brain showing the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) and the supraoptic nuclei (SON) in pink. <b>B-C.</b> Immunohistochemistry for oxytocin-expressing neurons in the PVN (B) and SON (C) of postpartum female brains (<i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i>, n = 7; <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i>, n = 7; <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m-/p+</i>, n = 5; <i>Pw1-/-</i>, n = 6). Scale bar: 50μm. <b>D.</b> Total number of oxytocin (OT) positive neurons per nuclei as stained as in Fig 3B and 3C (<i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i>, n = 7; <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i>, n = 7; <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m-/p+</i>, n = 5; <i>Pw1-/-</i>, n = 6). Bottom panel: total number of oxytocin (OT) positive neurons per medial preoptic area (MPOA) (<i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i>, n = 6; <i>Pw1-/-</i>, n = 6). No significant differences were found between all four genotypes. <b>E.</b> Number of oxytocin-positive neurons per section as stained as in Fig 3B and 3C for <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i> and <i>Pw1</i>^<i>-/-</i> postpartum female brains. <b>F.</b> Oxytocin plasma level in virgin (V) and postpartum (PP) females (V: <i>n</i> = 11, 9, 7, and 8; PP: n = 8, 8, 6, and 8; for <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i>, <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m+/p-</i>, <i>Pw1</i>^<i>m-/p+</i>, <i>Pw1</i>^<i>-/-</i> females, respectively). <i>Pw1</i>^<i>-/-</i> postpartum females tend to have a lower oxytocin plasma level but this observation is not statistically significant. In all graphs, values represent mean ± s.e.m. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric one-way ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis test) (Fig 3D), multiple t-tests (Fig 3E) or two-way ANOVA test (Fig 3F). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001. NS: non-significant.</p

Maternal care is not impaired in <i>Pw1</i> mutant mice.

<p><b>A.</b> Assessment of maternal behavior in 2 months old nulliparous (virgin) females (n≥12) using 3 foster pups of 1 to 3 days old chosen randomly. <b>B.</b> Assessment of maternal behavior in 3 to 4 months old primiparous females on the day of delivery (n≥12) using the female own litter. Nest quality is scored as followed: 0 = no nest building activity/no nest built; 1 = quick nest building activity, few nest materials/twigs have been retrieved; 2 = consequent nest building activity with some twigs remaining outside the nest. 3 = perfect nest without any twig left outside the nest. In all graphs, values represent mean ± s.e.m. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric one-way ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis test). No significant differences were found between any of the four genotypes.</p

Reproduction parameters of <i>Pw1</i> mutant mice are comparable to <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i> mice.

<p>Reproduction parameters of <i>Pw1</i> mutant mice are comparable to <i>Pw1</i>^<i>+/+</i> mice.</p