Proposta de um índice de qualidade de águas para microbacias hidrográficas sob manejo silvicultural

This work aimed to develop a Water Quality Index (WQI) for the forestry sector. Therefore, to achieve this purpose, the physical and chemical characteristics of the water were monitored: Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Zn, IC, OC, Chlor, Nitr, Sulf, Phosp, Ammo, Glyph, Alka, EC, Color, COD, CH, MH, DO, SS, DS, Sulfl, Temp, Turb and pH in four micro-watersheds (MW) under activities of forest management in the city of Aracruz, Espírito Santo, Southeast of Brazil, from January to June, 2012. The multivariate statistical analyses, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Factor Analysis (FA) indicated that the most significant variables in the variation of water quality to compose a WQI were: EC, Color, Chlor, Nitr, Mg, Alka, Na, IC, OC, Fe, pH and SS, responsible for a total variance of 61.77% of the data after the rotation of the factors using the normalized Varimax method. Variables related to the dissolved salts in water assumed higher weights due to the proximity with the sea. The proposed WQI proved itself to be efficient when evaluating the water quality of the monitored micro-watersheds, insteadexamining the variables independently.Neste trabalho objetivou-se elaborar um Índice de Qualidade das Águas (IQA) para o setor florestal. Para isso, monitoraram-se as características físicas e químicas da água: Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Zn, CI, CO, Clor, Nitr, Sulf, Fosf, Amô, Glif, Alca, CE, Cor, DQO, DC, DC, OD, SS, SD, Sulfl, Temp, Turb e pH, em quatro microbacias hidrográficas (MBs) sob atividades do manejo florestal no município de Aracruz - ES, de janeiro a junho de 2012. As técnicas de estatística multivariadas, Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Análise Fatorial (AF), indicaram que as variáveis mais representativas da variação da qualidade das águas para compor um IQA são: CE, Cor, Clor, Nitr, Mg, Alca, Na, Na, CI, CO, Fe, pH e SS, responsáveis por uma variância total de 61,77% dos dados após a rotação dos fatores pelo método Varimax normatizado. As variáveis relacionadas aos sais dissolvidos na água assumiram maiores pesos, em consequência da proximidade do mar. O IQA proposto demonstrou ser eficiente para avaliar a qualidade das águas das MBs monitoradas, ao invés de examinar as variáveis independentemente

Delimitation of agroclimatic microregions and its relationships with the productive potential of eucalyptus culture

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi delimitar zonas agroclimáticas homogêneas propícias ao cultivo da cultura do eucalipto. A área estudada abrange do extremo sul da Bahia à região central-serrana do Espírito Santo. A partir de dados de temperatura e pluviosidade de 64 estações meteorológicas, foi calculado o balanço hídrico sequencial decendial, para estimativa da evapotranspiração potencial (ETP), evapotranspiração real (ETR), índice de satisfação de necessidade por água (ISNA = ETR/ETP) e índice de satisfação por necessidade de água com base em análise frequencial de ocorrência de valores superiores a 0,65 (ISNA65). Por espacialização, foram gerados mapas das médias anuais dessas variáveis e dos períodos seco e chuvoso da área de estudo, a partir da seleção dos interpoladores de maior capacidade preditiva, eleitos por validação cruzada. O zoneamento foi elaborado utilizando-se análise de agrupamento, a partir das variáveis ISNA65, ETR do período seco e temperatura média anual. A zona litorânea apresentou as melhores condições agroclimáticas, com os maiores valores médios de ISNA65 (67,8%) e de ETR (391 mm), e a região oeste do Espírito Santo apresentou as piores condições agroclimáticas.Palavras-chave:   Zoneamento agroclimático; análise de agrupamento; sistema de informações geográficas; krigagem. AbstractDelimitation of agroclimatic microregions and its relationships with the productive potential of eucalyptus culture. The objective of this research was to delimit agroclimatic favorable zones to the cultivation of eucalyptus. The study area encloses the extreme south of Bahia State to the Espirito Santo`s central-mountainous, Brazil. Using data from 64 weather stations and based on temperature and pluviometric data, water balance was calculated, in order to estimate the variables potential evapotranspiration (ETP), actual evapotranspiration (ETR), crop water requirement index (ISNA = ETR/ETP) and crop water requirement index based on analysis of the frequency of highest values to 0,65 (ISNA65). Spatial maps were generated by the annual averages of these variables for the dry and rainy periods of the study area from the selection of interpolation of higher predictive capacity, elected by cross-validation. The agroclimatic zoning was elaborated using cluster analysis, based on the variables: ISNA65 and ETR of the dry period and annual temperature. The littoral zone wich are the best agroclimatic conditions during the dry period and is characterized by high values of ISNA65 (67,8%) and ETR (391) and the west region of Espirito Santo, showed the worst agroclimatic conditions.Keywords: Agroclimatic zoning; cluster analysis; geographic information system; kriging.The objective of this research was to delimit agroclimatic favorable zones to the cultivation of eucalyptus. The study area encloses the extreme south of Bahia State to the Espirito Santo`s central-mountainous, Brazil. Using data from 64 weather stations and based on temperature and pluviometric data, water balance was calculated, in order to estimate the variables potential evapotranspiration (ETP), actual evapotranspiration (ETR), crop water requirement index (ISNA = ETR/ETP) and crop water requirement index based on analysis of the frequency of highest values to 0,65 (ISNA65). Spatial maps were generated by the annual averages of these variables for the dry and rainy periods of the study area from the selection of interpolation of higher predictive capacity, elected by cross-validation. The agroclimatic zoning was elaborated using cluster analysis, based on the variables: ISNA65 and ETR of the dry period and annual temperature. The littoral zone wich are the best agroclimatic conditions during the dry period and is characterized by high values of ISNA65 (67,8%) and ETR (391) and the west region of Espirito Santo, showed the worst agroclimatic conditions

Homeopathic preparations for the control of blossom-end rot, tomato leafminer and tomato fruit borer

Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de preparados homeopáticos e suas dinamizações, expresso em características de morfologia, fisiologia, resistência a pragas e produtivas, sobre o cultivo convencional do tomateiro em ambiente protegido, com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade da homeopatia como ferramenta auxiliar de transição inicial da agricultura convencional para uma agricultura mais sustentável. Inicialmente, foi avaliada a freqüência de aplicação de Calcarea carbonica (Cc) CH50 para serem analisados os efeitos sobre a concentração e a proporção de nutrientes em folhas de tomateiro. Foram avaliados, além da testemunha, quatro freqüências de aplicação (1, 3, 5 e 7 dias) da homeopatia, na dinamização CH50, durante 15 dias. Avaliou- se o teor foliar de Ca, Mg, K, N, S, Fe, Mn e Zn e foram calculadas as relações Ca/Mg, Ca/K e Ca/Cátions totais. As concentrações de Ca, Mg, N, P, S, Mn e Zn não foram diferentes estatisticamente entre as freqüências de aplicação de Cc. As concentrações de Ca variaram entre 2,525 e 2,948 dag/kg. Houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para K, sendo as maiores concentrações em folhas de plantas pulverizadas na freqüência de 5 e 7 dias. Os tratamentos com homeopatia apresentaram menores relações de Ca/Mg, Ca/K e Ca/cátions totais em relação à testemunha. Com esse resultado, montou-se o segundo experimento com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações fisiológicas (nutrição mineral, taxa fotossintética, condutância estomática, transpiração e CO2 intercelular) e morfológicas (número total de folhas, altura da planta, comprimento e largura de folha, comprimento e diâmetro de entre-nó) no tomateiro com o uso de preparado homeopático Cc em duas dinamizações (CH6 e CH20), visando uma alternativa no controle de PA. Os tratamentos nas parcelas foram duas dinamizações da homeopatia Cc (CH6 e CH20) e duas testemunhas (água e álcool 70% - veículo das preparações homeopáticas), e nas subparcelas foram duas condições hídricas (volume ideal de irrigação e metade do volume ideal). A incidência de PA foi alta (96,08%), sendo a condição hídrica a fonte de maior variação entre tratamentos. Cc não favoreceu a melhor distribuição de nutrientes, considerando que as concentrações em folha estiveram dentro da normalidade; em caule, N, P, K foram altos e Ca, Mg e S foram baixos; em raiz todas concentrações de nutrientes foram altas e em fruto mantiveram-se baixas. A condição hídrica influenciou significativamente todas variáveis fisiológicas, sendo todos os valores de Nor superiores aos de Def. Não houve diferença estatística entre tratamentos para as variáveis morfológicas. Foi verificada incompatibilidade do uso de Cc nas dinamizações CH6 e CH20 com a cultivar Débora Plus. No terceiro experimento, foi avaliado o controle da traça do tomateiro com homeopatia (nosódio), visando uma diminuição no emprego de inseticidas em cultivo convencional do tomateiro. Os tratamentos foram aplicações dos seguintes preparado homeopático e controles: (1) nosódio da traça do tomateiro, (2) álcool 70% (veículo das preparações homeopáticas), (3) água. As variáveis avaliadas para antixenose foram número de ovos e número de minas por planta, e para antibiose, peso de pupas, porcentagem de mortalidade larval e porcentagem de eclosão de adultos. Foram avaliadas também produtividades comercial e classificada de frutos. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos para as variáveis de antixenose e antibiose analisadas. O número de ovos e número de minas por unidade amostral variaram em torno de 2,02 e 1,19 respectivamente. A taxa de mortalidade larval variou em torno de 36,51%. A média geral do peso de pupas foi 5,00 mg. A porcentagem de eclosão de adultos variou em torno de 82,46%. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos para produtividade de frutos, sendo a média produtiva 14,342 t/ha. O quarto experimento foi montado semelhantemente ao terceiro, no entanto, o objetivo foi avaliar o controle da broca pequena do tomateiro, nesse caso, foi utilizado o nosódio da broca pequena. As variáveis avaliadas foram porcentagem de frutos com ovos, como variável de antixenose; número e peso de pupas e porcentagem de eclosão de adultos, como variáveis de antibiose, além de produtividades comercial e classificada de frutos. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos para as variáveis de antixenose e antibiose analisadas. O número de frutos com ovos variou em torno de 11,02 por unidade amostral, ou ainda, 58,85%. Os dados de antixenose previam alta incidência de broca pequena no cultivo, o que foi confirmado na colheita pela alta ocorrência de frutos brocados e conseqüente diminuição da produtividade de frutos (13,360 t/ha). Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos para as variáveis de antibiose analisadas. O número de pupas no terceiro cacho variou em torno de 11,75. A média geral do peso de pupas foi 48,77 mg. A eclosão de adultos variou em torno de 90,32%. Foi verificado, nessas condições, incompatibilidade da homeopatia dentro do sistema convencional. O tomateiro foi domesticado e melhorado por várias décadas e foi também sendo exposto a várias doenças, pragas e distúrbios pela perda de sua resistência natural. Para se utilizar homeopatia em cultivares altamente melhoradas, como Débora Plus, deve- se pesquisar o seu similimum.The effect of homeopathic solutions and their potencies, expressed on morphology, physiology, pest resistance and yield, was evaluated on the conventional cultivation of the greenhouse tomato crop. The objective of the study was to verify the viability of the homeopathy as auxiliary tool of initial transition among the conventional and sustainable agriculture. Initially, the application frequency of Calcarea carbonica (Cc) CH50 was evaluated to analyze the effects on nutrient contents and nutrient proportions in tomato leaves. Four application intervals (1, 3, 5 and 7 days) of Cc CH50 were evaluated besides the control during 15 days. The foliar content of Ca, Mg, K, N, S, Fe, Mn and Zn was evaluated and the relationships Ca/Mg, Ca/K and Ca/ total cations were calculated. The content of Ca, Mg, N, P, S, Mn and Zn did not present statistical differences among the frequencies of Cc application. The content of Ca varied between 2,525 and 2,948 dag/kg. There was statistics difference among the treatments for K. The frequencies of 5 and 7 days promoted the largest foliar content of K. The treatments with homeopathy presented smaller relationships of Ca/Mg, Ca/K and Ca/total cations in relation to the control. It is suggested to apply Cc CH50 in the frequency of 5 days to evaluate the control of BER in future works. With that result, the second experiment was set up with the objective to evaluate the physiologic (mineral nutrition, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and intercellular CO2) and morphologic (total number of leaves, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, entrenó length and entrenó diameter) changes of the tomato plant with the use of homeopathic solutions (Cc) in two potencies (CH6 and CH20), seeking an alternative in the control of BER. The treatments in the plots were two potencies of Cc (CH6 and CH20) and two controls (water and alcohol 70% - vehicle of the homeopathic solutions), and in the subplots there were two water conditions (ideal volume of irrigation and half of the ideal volume). The incidence of BER was high (96.08%). The water condition was the source of the largest variations among treatments. Cc did not favor the best distribution of nutrients, considering that the foliar content were normal; in stem, N, P, K were high and Ca, Mg and S were low; in root all content of nutrients were high and in fruit they were low. The water condition affected significantly all physiological variables, where Nor condition presented higher values than Def condition. There was no statistics difference among treatments for the morphologic variables. Incompatibility of the use of Cc was verified for the CH6 and CH20 potencies with Débora Plus. In the third experiment, the control of the tomato leafminer was evaluated with homeopathy (nosódio), seeking a decrease in the employment of insecticides in conventional cultivation of the tomato crop. The treatments were applications of the following homeopathic solutions and controls: (1) nosódio of the tomato leafminer, (2) alcohol 70% (vehicle of the homeopathic solutions), (3) water. The appraised variables for antixenosis were number of eggs and number of mines per plant, and for antibiosis, pupal weight, percentage of larval mortality and percentage of adults' eclosion. Commercial yield were evaluated too. Statistics differences were not observed among the treatments for the antixenosis ans antibiosis variables. The number of eggs and number of mines for sample unit varied respectively around 2.02 and 1.19. The rate of larval mortality varied around 36.51%. The general average of the pupal weight was 5.00 mg. The percentage of adults' eclosion varied around 82.46%. Statistics differences were not observed among the treatments for commercial yield. The average yield was 14.342 t/ha. The fourth experiment was set up likely to the third, however, the objective was to evaluate the control of the tomato fruit borer, in that case, the nosódio of the tomato fruit borer was used. The appraised variables were percentage of fruits with eggs, as antixenosis variable; pupal number and pupal weight and percentage of adults' eclosion, as antibiosis variables. Commercial yield was evaluated too. Statistics differences were not observed among the treatments for the antixenosis and antibiosis variables. The number of fruits with eggs varied around 11.02 for sample unit (58.85%). The antixenosis data foresaw high incidence of fruit borer in the tomato crop, what was confirmed in the harvest by the occurrence of borne fruits and consequent decrease of the yield (13.360 t/ha). Statistics differences were not observed among the treatments for the variables of antibiosis. The pupal number in the third truss varied around 11.75. The general average of the pupal weight was 48.77 mg. The adults' eclosion varied around 90.32%. It was verified, in those conditions, incompatibility of the homeopathy inside of the conventional system. The tomato plant was domesticated and breeded by several decades and was also exposed to several diseases, pests and disorders because it loss its natural resistance. To use homeopathy in high breeded cultivars, like Débora Plus, its similimum should be researched.Fibria Celulose S.A

HEIGHT-DIAMETER MODELS FOR Eucalyptus sp. PLANTATIONS IN BRAZIL

<div><p>ABSTRACT The use of height-diameter models have important applications in the management of eucalyptus plantations. The aim of this paper is to provide adequate height models based on the diameter and stand variables that could be easily used and applied to plantation’s management. The data was based on tests located in Espírito Santo and Bahia. A total of 312 plots, including 35 different treatments (different initial planting densities, number and severity of thinning operations, fertilization regimes, among others), and four different clones. This resulted in 2,407 conditions for 85,608 tree measurements. The constructed equations were based on mixed-effect models, in order to accommodate possible autocorrelations, to address variations between sites and to obtain locally calibrated estimates. Among the different model structures and combination of variables tested and presented, the best model showed a coefficient of determination of 0.953 and 0.988, for the fixed and fixed+random parts, respectively. The model included a random factor for measurements-within-tree and tree-within-plot. The bias of the fixed part was 0.208 cm (0.0659%). We believe the models in this study can have broad applications in management and inventory methods applied to plantations.</p></div

VARIÁVEIS-CHAVE PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA EM MICROBACIAS COM PLANTIOS DE EUCALIPTO

This work aimed to identify the main variables affected by natural factors and, or anthropic, which influence the quality of surface water in watersheds, managed for eucalyptus wood production. Water quality was monitored in four watersheds located in Aracruz, northern ES state, Brazil. The physical and chemical characteristics of the water and the potential presence of pesticides used in forest management were evaluated. Samples were collected after the silvicultural activities and, or, rainfall between the months of January to June 2012. Principal component and factor analysis techniques were used to determine the water variables most sensitive and correlated with forestry activities, soil and climatic conditions of the study watersheds. It was possible to obtain four components that explained 73.1% of the total variance. The components were correlated with the variables and defined as factors mineral, solid, acidity, and pedological. These factors explained 31.6; 18.5; 15.6; and 7.4% of the total variance of the data which are directly related to salinity, the presence of suspended solids, acidity and the inorganic carbon content of the soil, respectively. Sulfluramid (insecticide) and glyphosate (herbicide) were not found. In general, it is possible to reduce from 30 to 12 variables that should be monitored for prediction of water quality, maintaining at least 70% of the precision of the estimates. The evaluation of these key variables allows establishing an adequate monitoring system of water quality considering the eucalyptus forestry activities