Kajian Efektivitas Tinggi Tanggul Banjir Di Desa Simbel Kecamatan Kakas Barat Kabupaten Minahasa

Pembangunan tanggul banjir di Desa Simbel Kecamatan Kakas Barat Kabupaten Minahasa, sebagai upaya masyarakat menanggulangi banjir yang terjadi. Efektivitas tinggi tanggul dihitung berdasarkan analisis debit banjir dengan menggunakan Metode Rasional berdasarkan data-data yang didapat dari studi lapangan dan studi kepustakaan. Data-data yang diperoleh berupa data curah hujan, data debit, dan tinggi tanggul. Untuk menentukan tipe distribusi mana yang akan dipilih, maka dilakukan uji kecocokan dengan metode Smirnov-Kolmogorov. Dari hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa semua tipe sebaran (Gumbel, Normal, Log Normal, Log Pearson III) memenuhi syarat untuk uji Smirnov-Kolmogorov karena memiliki nilai Dmax (selisih peluang terbesar antara distribusi data dan teoritisnya) lebih kecil dari nilai kritis (Do = 0,409). Namun dari ke empat sebaran yang ada tipe distribusi Log Pearson III yang memiliki Dmax paling besar yaitu 0,189, sehingga curah hujan rencana yang digunakan adalah curah hujan rencana yang mengikuti distribusi Log Pearson III. Curah hujan rencana untuk berbagai periode ulang menurut Log Pearson III sebagai berikut : periode 1 tahun sebesar 168,792 mm, periode ulang 2 tahun sebesar 269,060 mm, periode ulang 5 tahun sebesar 335,768 mm, periode ulang 10 tahun sebesar 376,066 mm, periode ulang 50 tahun sebesar 457,132 mm, periode ulang 100 tahun sebesar 489,013 mm. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa debit puncak banjir rencana diperoleh untuk kala ulang 1 tahun sebesar 9,262 m³/det, untuk kala ulang 2 tahun sebesar 14764 m³/det, untuk kala ulang 5 tahun sebesar 18,424 m³/det, untuk kala ulang 10 tahun sebesar 20,635 m³/det, untuk kala untuk kala ulang 50 tahun sebesar 25,084 m³/det, untuk kala ulang 100 tahun sebesar 26,833 m³/det. Sedangkan berdasarkan Rumus Manning, Strickler dan Chezy untuk mencari debit yang aman bagi tanggul sebesar 23,823 m³/det, Dari hasil perhitungan debit puncak banjir rencana dapat dilihat bahwa ketinggian tanggul banjir masih efektif mengatasi banjir untuk kala ulang 20 tahun yaitu 22,777 m³/det dengan tinggi jagaan hanya 1 m

Resultados de síndrome túnel carpiano intervenidos según técnica de Simonetta

La comprensión del nervio mediano a nivel del túnel carpiano es la más frecuente compresión nerviosa encontrada en la práctica clínica. Desde que en 1854 Sir James Paget descubrió los síntomas hasta hoy, se han postulado multitud de tratamientos para su solución. A continuación expondremos los resultados obtenidos en nuestra serie de intervenciones según técnica de Simonetta. El estudio consta de 130 intervenciones, cuyas historias clínicas han sido revisadas, realizándose además una encuesta telefónica a los pacientes para valorar los resultados. Los pacientes incluidos en este tipo de intervención son los intervenidos de mano dominante y en edad laboral (menos de 50 años). Se puede hablar de mejores resultados en relación a otras ligamentoplasitas observándose un porcentaje de recidivas menor y leves complicaciones postoperatioras. Por esto creemos que la técnica de Simonetta es una buena alternativa quirúrgica en este tipo de patología por no aumentar el número de actividades ni complicaciones a la vez de no disminuir la fuerza flexora de muñeca y dedos.The compression of the medial nerve at the carpal tunnel level is the most frequent nerve compression observed in the clinical practica. Since the time Sir James Paget first discovered the symptoms, in 1854, until now several treatments have been proposed to solve this problem. Following there is a rendering of the results obtained during our series of interventions using the Simonetta technique. The study consists of a 130 cases whose clinical histories have been reviewed, followed bye the patient's telephone interview designed to evaluate the results. The patients included in the study are all of productive age (under 50 years old) and for whom surgery was perfomed on their dominant hand. One can say that the results are better when compared to those of other ligamentaplasty having observed a lower percentage of recidivism on only minor post-operatory complications. This led us to believe that Simonetta technique is a good surgical alternative for this type of pathology because it does not increase the number of recidivisms or complications and at the same time it does not reduce the flexing of the wrist and fingers

Síndrome del túnel radial: Epicondilitis resistente

Desde 1996 al 2003, fueron intervenidos 25 pacientes (26 extremidades) de síndrome del túnel radial. Todos los procedimientos fueron realizados por el mismo cirujano y en el mismo hospital con un abordaje postero-externo del túnel radial. Se realizó un seguimiento de todos los pacientes en el tiempo después de la cirugía de 4 meses a 6 años y 4 meses (tiempo medio de 22 meses). Los resultados fueron evaluados según los criterios de Roles y Mausdley; 12 pacientes tuvieron resultados excelentes (46.15%), 9 pacientes buenos (34.61%) y 5 pacientes regulares (19.23%). Once pacientes fueron tratados previamente de epicondilitis lateral (entesitis). La mayoría de los pacientes están satisfechos con la cirugía refiriendo un alivio de la sintomatología y una mejora de la funcionalidad tras la cirugía.Between 1996 and 2003, 25 patients (26 extremities) underwent decompression of the radial tunnel. All procedures were performed at the same surgeon and the same institution using posterior approach. The total 25 patients were available for follow-up evaluation alter surgery (range 4 months - 6 years and 4 months) with average of 22 months. The outcomes was determined using the original criteria of Roles and Mausdley, 12 patients were rated as excellent (46.15%), 9 patients has good results (34.61%) and 5 patients had fair results. Eleven patients were treated previously of tennis elbow. Most of the patients were satisfied and felt subjectively improved by the surgery. They obtained pain relief and better functional status after surgery

Estimation of Dietary Exposure to Contaminants Transferred from the Packaging in Fatty Dry Foods Based on Cereals

Food packaging has received special attention from the food safety standpoint since it could be a potential source of contamination through the migration of chemical substances from the packaging material into food. The assessment of the exposure through the diet to these contaminants from food packaging is necessary. In this work, an estimation of dietary exposure of the young Spanish population (1–17 years) to target chemicals from packaging for fatty dried foods based on cereals was assessed. For this purpose, a gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was developed for screening of volatile and semivolatile compounds, potential migrants from the packaging. Then, this technique was used to quantify 8 target analytes, which were previously identified in the packaging (including phthalates, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and octocrylene), in composite food samples of fatty cereals prepared according to the consumption data for different age groups. Among the phthalates, exposure to diethyl phthalate (DEP) was the highest for the three groups considered (0.0761–0.545 µg/kg body weight/day), followed by bis(2-ethylhxyl)phathalate (DEHP), while the lowest mean intake was found for di-n-octyl phathalate (DNOP; 0.00463–0.0209 µg/kg body weight/day). The estimated dietary exposures did not exceed for any of the analytes the corresponding established tolerable daily intakesThis research was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and by Agencia Estatal de Investigación Ref.No. AGL2015-69609-P “MIGRAEXPO” (MINECO/FEDER, UE)S

Dietary Exposure Estimation to Chemicals Transferred from Milk and Dairy Products Packaging Materials in Spanish Child and Adolescent Population

Packaging materials are subject to risk assessment since they can transfer their components to the food, and they may constitute a risk for the consumers’ health. Therefore, estimating the exposure to chemicals migrating from packaging is required. In this study, a novel approach based on a total diet study (TDS)-like investigation to evaluate the exposure to chemicals transferred from the packaging was presented. The proposed methodology involved a non-targeted gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to identify potential migrants and the determination of the migrants in composite food samples. The method was applied to evaluate the dietary exposure to chemicals from food packaging materials used for milk and dairy products in the Spanish child and adolescent populations. Several migrants identified in packaging materials were selected to determine their concentration in composite food samples. These chemicals included diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis(2ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), benzophenone (BP), 1,3-diphenylpropane (1,3-DPP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT). The method exhibited a good sensitivity (limit of detection, LOD ≤ 0.05 µg/g) and a satisfactory recovery (78.4-124%). Finally, the exposure was estimated using the Spanish national dietary survey ENALIA. Phthalates DBP and DEHP showed the highest mean exposure, ranging from 2.42 (10–17 years)–4.40 (12–35 months) and 1.35 (10–17 years)–4.07 (12–35 months) µg/kg bw/day for DBP and DEHP, respectivelyThis study was financially supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and by Agencia Estatal de Investigación Ref.No. AGL2015-69609-P “MIGRAEXPO” (MINECO/FEDER, UE)S

Stability of Negative Image Equilibria in Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity

We investigate the stability of negative image equilibria in mean synaptic weight dynamics governed by spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP). The neural architecture of the model is based on the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of mormyrid electric fish, which forms a negative image of the reafferent signal from the fish's own electric discharge to optimize detection of external electric fields. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for stability, for arbitrary postsynaptic potential functions and arbitrary learning rules. We then apply the general result to several examples of biological interest.Comment: 13 pages, revtex4; uses packages: graphicx, subfigure; 9 figures, 16 subfigure

Long-Term Potentiation: One Kind or Many?

Do neurobiologists aim to discover natural kinds? I address this question in this chapter via a critical analysis of classification practices operative across the 43-year history of research on long-term potentiation (LTP). I argue that this 43-year history supports the idea that the structure of scientific practice surrounding LTP research has remained an obstacle to the discovery of natural kinds

Targeted molecular-genetic imaging and ligand-directed therapy in aggressive variant prostate cancer

Aggressive variant prostate cancers (AVPC) are a clinically defined group of tumors of heterogeneous morphologies, characterized by poor patient survival and for which limited diagnostic and treatment options are currently available. We show that the cell surface 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), a receptor that binds to phage-display-selected ligands, such as the SNTRVAP motif, is a candidate target in AVPC. We report the presence and accessibility of this receptor in clinical specimens from index patients. We also demonstrate that human AVPC cells displaying GRP78 on their surface could be effectively targeted both in vitro and in vivo by SNTRVAP, which also enabled specific delivery of siRNA species to tumor xenografts in mice. Finally, we evaluated ligand-directed strategies based on SNTRVAP-displaying adeno-associated virus/phage (AAVP) particles in mice bearing MDA-PCa-118b, a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) of castration-resistant prostate cancer bone metastasis that we exploited as a model of AVPC. For theranostic (a merging of the terms therapeutic and diagnostic) studies, GRP78-targeting AAVP particles served to deliver the human Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase type-1 (HSVtk) gene, which has a dual function as a molecular-genetic sensor/reporter and a cell suicide-inducing transgene. We observed specific and simultaneous PET imaging and treatment of tumors in this preclinical model of AVPC. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of GPR78-targeting, ligand-directed theranostics for translational applications in AVPC

Novel Mouse Model Reveals Distinct Activity-Dependent and –Independent Contributions to Synapse Development

The balanced action of both pre- and postsynaptic organizers regulates the formation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). The precise mechanisms that control the regional specialization of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) aggregation, guide ingrowing axons and contribute to correct synaptic patterning are unknown. Synaptic activity is of central importance and to understand synaptogenesis, it is necessary to distinguish between activity-dependent and activity-independent processes. By engineering a mutated fetal AChR subunit, we used homologous recombination to develop a mouse line that expresses AChR with massively reduced open probability during embryonic development. Through histological and immunochemical methods as well as electrophysiological techniques, we observed that endplate anatomy and distribution are severely aberrant and innervation patterns are completely disrupted. Nonetheless, in the absence of activity AChRs form postsynaptic specializations attracting motor axons and permitting generation of multiple nerve/muscle contacts on individual fibers. This process is not restricted to a specialized central zone of the diaphragm and proceeds throughout embryonic development. Phenotypes can be attributed to separate activity-dependent and -independent pathways. The correct patterning of synaptic connections, prevention of multiple contacts and control of nerve growth require AChR-mediated activity. In contrast, myotube survival and acetylcholine-mediated dispersal of AChRs are maintained even in the absence of AChR-mediated activity. Because mouse models in which acetylcholine is entirely absent do not display similar effects, we conclude that acetylcholine binding to the AChR initiates activity-dependent and activity-independent pathways whereby the AChR modulates formation of the NMJ

A Novel Labeling Approach Identifies Three Stability Levels of Acetylcholine Receptors in the Mouse Neuromuscular Junction In Vivo

The turnover of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction is regulated in an activity-dependent manner. Upon denervation and under various other pathological conditions, receptor half-life is decreased., in our setup the same animals are used throughout the whole measurement period, thereby permitting a dramatic reduction of animal numbers at increased data quality. We identified three stability levels of acetylcholine receptors depending on the presence or absence of innervation: one pool of receptors with a long half-life of ∼13 days, a second with an intermediate half-life of ∼8 days, and a third with a short half-life of ∼1 day. Data were highly reproducible from animal to animal and followed simple exponential terms. The principal outcomes of these measurements were reproduced by an optical pulse-labeling assay introduced recently.A novel assay to determine kinetics of acetylcholine receptor turnover with small animal numbers is presented. Our data show that nerve activity acts on muscle acetylcholine receptor stability by at least two different means, one shifting receptor lifetime from short to intermediate and another, which further increases receptor stability to a long lifetime. We hypothesize on possible molecular mechanisms