El malestar en la paz. Freud y Scheler sobre la paz y la guerra

Knapp 100 Jahre nach Ausbruch des ersten Weltkriegs untersucht dieser Artikel zentrale Positionen in der Bewertung der großen Themen Krieg und Frieden durch Sigmund Freud und andere Vertreter der Psychoanalyse. Während Freud in der Rezeption häufig als Vertreter des Pazifismus wahrgenommen wird, zeigt der direkte Vergleich mit dem konservativen Philosophen Max Scheler und seiner Lobschrift auf den Genius des Krieges, wie sehr Freud in seinen Bewertungen im Geist seiner Zeit verankert ist. Wenngleich unter grundsätzlich anderen politischen Vorzeichen setzt auch er Tod und die Gewalt des Kriegs als Prüfstein der zivilisiatorischen Dinge.Roughly 100 years after the outbreak of World War I this article reviews central positions taken by Freud and other early psychoanalysts with respect to the big subjects of war and peace. While Freud has often been perceived as a pacifist, an immediate comparison with the conservative philosopher Max Scheler and his eulogy to the Genius of War shows to what extend Freud is rooted in the spirit of his time. If even under different political premises, also Freud takes death and the violence of war to be the touchstone of civilization.Casi cien años después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, este artículo investiga las posiciones centrales tomadas por Freud y otros psicoanalistas respecto a grandes temas como la paz y la guerra. Mientras la recepción de Freud lo percibe a menudo como un pacifista, la comparación directa con el filósofo conservador Max Scheler y su elogio al Genio de la guerra muestra hasta qué punto Freud estaba anclado en el espíritu de su época. Si bien bajo premisas políticas diferentes, también Freud considera la muerte y la violencia de la guerra como piedra de toque de la civilización

Supplier base management : the contrast between Germany and the UK

Supplier base management is an important aspect of the management of manufacturing operations, as reducing the number of suppliers – the supplier base – is a key approach in many companies including the US and the UK. By having fewer suppliers, manufacturers have more time to work closely with each remaining supplier, for instance, on improving quality and product innovation. However, is this approach being adopted in Germany as fast as it has been in the UK? This paper describes research which addresses this question and which also investigates how German companies are managing contacts with their suppliers. The study was conducted in two stages. Firstly, a survey of manufacturers in Germany and the UK identified the trends in the supplier base of companies in each country. Secondly, a follow-up telephone survey was carried through with purchasing managers at a random sample of 34 German plants to identify, for example, the advantages experienced by manufacturers, which had reduced their supplier base. The findings show that German manufacturers have not reduced their supplier base by as much as companies in the UK. The second part of the research showed that German manufacturers, which have reduced their supplier base, perceive the benefits of this. However, other companies appear to have failed to take the opportunity to gain advantages from a reduced supplier base

Zytokine und das genetische Risiko für Morbus Alzheimer und Morbus Parkinson

Bei der Pathogenese der neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen Morbus Alzheimer und Morbus Parkinson spielen neuroinflammatorische Prozesse eine wichtige Rolle. Interleukin-1α und Interleukin-6 sind multifunktionelle Zytokine, die neben anderen pro-inflammatorischen Faktoren wie Komplement oder oxidativem Stress eine wichtige Rolle bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen spielen. Entsprechend wurden in den vorliegenden Allelassoziationsstudien untersucht, inwieweit die untersuchten Polymorphismen IL-1α (-889) und IL-6 (-174) mit einem erhöhten Risiko an Morbus Alzheimer oder Morbus Parkinson zu erkranken assoziiert sind und ob es Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit von Alter, Geschlecht und Vorhandensein des APOE-ε4-Allels gibt. In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen konnte ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem IL-1α (-889)-Polymorphismus und Morbus Alzheimer festgestellt werden, hierbei zeigte insbesondere das Allel 2 eine starke Assoziation (Odds ratio 7.2) mit Morbus Alzheimer. Hinsichtlich des IL-6 (-174)-Polymorphismus konnte kein signifikanter Zusammenhang mit Morbus Alzheimer in dem untersuchten Kollektiv nachgewiesen werden. Darüber hinaus zeigten sich keine Hinweise auf eine positive Assoziation zwischen dem IL-1α (-889)-Polymorphismus und dem Auftreten von Morbus Parkinson. Auch in einer Untersuchung einer Subgruppe von Parkinsonpatienten mit frühem Erkrankungsbeginn konnte für homozygote Träger des IL-1α (-889) Allels 2 kein erhöhtes Risiko an Morbus Parkinson zu erkranken nachgewiesen werden. Den bekannten Zusammenhang des APOE-ε4-Allels und dem Risiko für Morbus Alzheimer konnten wir durch die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen bestätigen. Insgesamt stehen die Ergebnisse im Einklang mit den Hinweisen der Studien der vergangenen Jahre, dass insbesondere bei der Pathogenese des Morbus Alzheimer neuroinflammatorische Prozesse möglicherweise von großer Bedeutung sind. Die Untersuchungen liefern wertvolle Hinweise dafür, die multifaktorielle Pathogenese neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen besser zu verstehen und die Bedeutung von Zytokinen als Baustein bei inflammatorischen Kaskaden zu sehen. Die tatsächliche Relevanz bei der Pathogenese von neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen wie Morbus Alzheimer und Morbus Parkinson lässt sich nun durch weitere Untersuchungen klären

Second Screen Applications: A Multi-Platform Software Development Kit and Optimization of Human-Computer Interaction in Distributed Systems

This dissertation addresses various aspects of the term second screen and the challenges involved in the development of this type of application. The term and its characteristics have been clearly delineate by the means of a structured review of literature of 65 publications and an analysis of 19 currently available commercial applications. Furthermore, a content and technical classification were created to facilitate communication and the positing of future research activity in this area. The development of second screen applications is currently associated with a high effort, caused by the redundant implementation of multiple software platforms on both first and second screen side. In order to counteract this double multi-platform problem, an SDK was developed that facilitates the connection and communication process between the different application parts. The functionality of this 2ndS SDK was evaluated as reliable and performant and proven in several functional prototypes, which also served the purpose to examine existing and new forms of second screen interaction. In addition to addressing the technical challenges involved in the development of second screen applications, this work presents several results regarding the optimization of human-computer interaction in this type of application. These include a collection of 55 application components raised and validated in a mixed-method approach and insights into the attention behavior in such scenarios with corresponding recommendations derived from two eye-tracking studies. Furthermore, were concrete design guidelines from existing sources abstracted and evaluated with the help of a user study, and heuristics derived for the domain second screen and extended to a checklist for the efficient identification of problems. The results presented in this work are intended to be used in a usercentered design process and aim to ease the development of second screen applications with optimized interaction, and thereby contribute to their awareness and further distribution

Contactless and spatially structured cooling by directing thermal radiation

In recent years, radiative cooling has become a topic of considerable interest for applications in the context of thermal building management and energy saving. The idea to direct thermal radiation in a controlled way to achieve contactless sample cooling for laboratory applications, however, is scarcely explored. Here, we present an approach to obtain spatially structured radiative cooling. By using an elliptical mirror, we are able to enhance the view factor of radiative heat transfer between a room temperature substrate and a cold temperature landscape by a factor of 92. A temperature pattern and confined thermal gradients with a slope of \~ 0.2~°C/mm are created. The experimental applicability of this spatially structured cooling approach is demonstrated by contactless supercooling of hexadecane in a home-built microfluidic sample. This novel concept for structured cooling yields numerous applications in science and engineering as it provides a means of controlled temperature manipulation with minimal physical disturbance

Plasmonic Nanoagents in Biophysics and Biomedicine

The significant rise in implementation and applications of plasmonic nanosystems in biophysics, biochemistry, and medicine has culminated in the emergence of refined plasmonic enabling reagents, or “nanoagents”. These are defined as tools that allow researchers to not only investigate, but also actively manipulate biological processes and complex biosystems, such as living cells, on the nanoscale. This development is based on a combination of sensing capabilities, photothermal control, and optical force manipulation offered by metallic nanoparticles. The article reviews the trajectory that plasmonic nanoagents have taken in recent years and highlights seminal recent examples of their application, such as optical sensing both in vitro and in vivo, optical control of biomolecular interactions and protein function, the manipulation of lipid membrane properties, and the possibility of guiding cellular behavior.Fil: Huergo, María Ana Cristina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Schuknecht, Francis. Ludwig Maximilians Universitat; AlemaniaFil: Zhang, Jinhua. Ludwig Maximilians Universitat; AlemaniaFil: Lohmüller, Theobald. Ludwig Maximilians Universitat; Alemani

Pushing nanoparticles with light - A femtonewton resolved measurement of optical scattering forces

Optomechanical manipulation of plasmonic nanoparticles is an area of current interest, both fundamental and applied. However, no experimental method is available to determine the forward-directed scattering force that dominates for incident light of a wavelength close to the plasmon resonance. Here, we demonstrate how the scattering force acting on a single gold nanoparticle in solution can be measured. An optically trapped 80 nm particle was repetitively pushed from the side with laser light resonant to the particle plasmon frequency. A lock-in analysis of the particle movement provides a measured value for the scattering force. We obtain a resolution of less than 3 femtonewtons which is an order of magnitude smaller than any measurement of switchable forces performed on nanoparticles in solution with single beam optical tweezers to date. We compared the results of the force measurement with Mie simulations of the optical scattering force on a gold nanoparticle and found good agreement between experiment and theory within a few fN. (C) 2016 Author(s)