100 research outputs found
Brain drain in developing countries
Relying on an original data set on international migration by educational attainment for 1990 and 2000, we analyze the determinants of the brain drain from developing countries. We start from a simple decomposition of the brain drain in two multiplicative components, the degree of openess of sending countries (as measured by their average emigration rate) and the schooling gap (as measured by the relative education level of emigrants compared to natives). Using various regression models, we put forward the determinants of the components and explain cross-country differences in skilled migration. unsurprisingly, the brain drain is strong in small countries which are not too distant from the major OECD regions, which share colonial links with OECD countries and which send most of their migrants to host countries where quality-selective immigration programs exist. More interestingly, the brain drain increases with political instability and the degree of fractionalization at origin; it globally decreases with nativesâhuman capital.International migration, Brain drain, Human capital, Developping countries
La politique aéroportuaire wallonne depuis la régionalisation (1988-2010)
Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude est de retracer lâĂ©volution de la politique aĂ©roportuaire wallonne depuis la rĂ©gionalisation complĂšte de cette compĂ©tence en 1988. Ce travail sâinscrit dans un projet de recherche plus large qui a Ă©tĂ© menĂ© au sein de lâInstitut de science politique Louvain-Europe de lâUniversitĂ© catholique de Louvain, intitulĂ© : « Impacts de la libĂ©ralisation sur les secteurs dâindustrie de rĂ©seaux : analyse comparĂ©e des secteurs du rail et de lâaviation civile en Belgique (DUREBEL) »
Opportunity and/or necessity entrepreneurship? The impact of the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs
Few studies have tried to identify the impact of the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs on their opportunity-necessity positioning. Based on a sample of 538 entrepreneurs, we point out that individuals who get involved in an entrepreneurial process, have encountered a situation of necessity and/or opportunity and that the latter can take various forms. We point out the impact of the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs on the alignment of their project with a necessity or opportunity entrepreneurial dynamics. The existence of sub-profiles of entrepreneurs within the necessity-opportunity typology is also highlighted. We point out, for instance, that not all jobseekers are necessity entrepreneurs and that new venture creation based on family pressure may convey both a necessity and opportunity dimension. Finally, our survey reveals a new kind of entrepreneurship: the hobby entrepreneurship.Necessity - Opportunity - motivations
Vers une complémentarité des alternatives alimentaires : relocalisation des activités et écologisation des pratiques au sein de trois alternatives de distribution à Bruxelles
Ă partir de lâanalyse des pratiques de territorialisation et dâĂ©cologisation de trois systĂšmes alimentaires alternatifs bruxellois, lâarticle illustre que ces pratiques peuvent ĂȘtre trĂšs diverses, en prenant des formes et des intensitĂ©s variables. GrĂące Ă une comparaison, lâarticle prĂ©sente diffĂ©rentes combinaisons entre territorialisation et Ă©cologisation au sein de ces trois systĂšmes alternatifs de distribution, qui sont pourtant activĂ©es dans le cadre dâune vision commune de la durabilitĂ©. Il montre que les modĂšles et les projets influencent les choix, quâaucune combinaison ne fait une diffĂ©rence rĂ©elle au niveau des effets produits sur les parties prenantes de chacun de ces systĂšmes. En conclusion, la contribution, plutĂŽt que dâorienter normativement vers lâune ou lâautre stratĂ©gie combinatoire qui serait plus durable, plaide pour considĂ©rer la complĂ©mentaritĂ© entre les diffĂ©rentes pratiques.Analyzing practices that re-localize food and make food chains more sustainable in the context of three alternative food networks (AFN) in Brussels, this paper shows that these practices can be of huge diversity, in terms of models as well as in terms of intensity. Through comparative analysis of the three cases, it shows that the questions of re-localize and make food systems more sustainable can lead to different strategies while the general objective of sustainability is formally shared and collectively constructed. It illustrates that AFNs projectsâ are leading the main choices but that no strategy makes the difference regarding the effects on direct stakeholders in each AFN. As conclusion, the paper, argues to consider complementarity between AFNs practices more than choosing which one is the best/more sustainable
Determining relative bulk viscosity of kilometre-scale crustal units using field observations and numerical modelling
Though the rheology of kilometre-scale polymineralic rock units is crucial for reliable large-scale, geotectonic models, this information is difficult to obtain. In geotectonic models, a layer is defined as an entity at the kilometre scale, even though it is heterogeneous at the millimetre to metre scale. Here, we use the shape characteristics of the boundaries between rock units to derive the relative bulk viscosity of those units at the kilometre scale. We examine the shape of a vertically oriented ultramafic, harzburgitic-lherzolitic unit, which developed a kilometre-scale pinch and swell structure at mid-crustal conditions (~ 600 °C, ~ 8.5 kbar), in the Anita Shear Zone, New Zealand. The ultramafic layer is embedded between a typical polymineralic paragneiss to the west, and a feldspar-quartz-hornblende orthogneiss, to the east. Notably, the boundaries on either side of the ultramafic layer give the ultramafics an asymmetric shape. Microstructural analysis shows that deformation was dominated by dislocation creep (n = 3). Based on the inferred rheological behaviour from the field, a series of numerical simulations are performed. Relative and absolute values are derived for bulk viscosity of the rock units by comparing boundary tortuosity difference measured on the field example and the numerical series. Our analysis shows that during deformation at mid-crustal conditions, paragneisses can be ~ 30 times less viscous than an ultramafic unit, whereas orthogneisses have intermediate viscosity, ~ 3 times greater than the paragneisses. If we assume a strain rate of 10â» Âč⎠sâ» Âč the ultramafic, orthogneiss and paragneiss have syn-deformational viscosities of 3 Ă 10ÂČÂČ, 2.3 Ă 10ÂČÂč and 9.4 Ă 10ÂČâ° Pa s, respectively. Our study shows pinch and swell structures are useful as a gauge to assess relative bulk viscosity of rock units based on shape characteristics at the kilometre scale and in non-Newtonian flow regimes, even where heterogeneity occurs within the units at the outcrop scale
L'engagement comportemental des étudiants en premiÚre année académique en contexte social: une perspective selon l'homophilie. La composition du réseau social a-t-elle un impact sur l'engagement comportemental?
Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude est de dĂ©terminer si les relations sociales au sein dâun auditoire se forment sur base dâune homophilie de facteurs personnels et motivationnels. Lâhomophilie Ă©tant le principe selon lequel nous cherchons Ă entrer en relation avec des personnes qui nous sont similaires (Borgatti & Cross, 2003). Et de dĂ©terminer sâil existe un impact de celle-ci sur lâhomophilie en termes dâengagement comportemental des Ă©tudiants. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi des Ă©tudiants de premiĂšre annĂ©e acadĂ©mique de la FacultĂ© de psychologie de lâUCL comme Ă©chantillon, car il sâagit de nouveaux Ă©tudiants qui vont chercher Ă sâintĂ©grer socialement via des interactions avec leurs pairs (Tinto, 1975) et vont ainsi se recrĂ©er un nouveau rĂ©seau social (Borgatti & Foster, 2003). Nous avons soumis Ă ces derniers un questionnaire Ă choix multiples en vue de mener une recherche quantitative. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que le fait quâune relation soit perçue comme homophile au niveau de la motivation des Ă©tudiants qui la composent prĂ©dit de maniĂšre significative et positive que cette relation est Ă©galement homophile en termes dâengagement comportemental de ces Ă©tudiants. Cependant, au dĂ©part, nous aurions aimĂ© mener une recherche comparative afin dâobserver si ce sont les facteurs personnels et motivationnels ou lâhomophilie perçue de ces derniers au sein dâune relation sociale qui ont un impact sur le niveau moyen dâengagement comportemental des Ă©tudiants, mais les donnĂ©es en notre possession nâĂ©taient pas suffisantes. Câest pourquoi nous avons dĂ» rĂ©orienter notre recherche et nous limiter Ă tester lâimpact de lâhomophilie des facteurs personnels et motivationnels sur lâhomophilie de lâengagement comportemental des individus qui composent une relation. Le fait de spĂ©cifier notre questionnaire permettrait, pour une recherche future, de calculer des niveaux moyens pour chaque facteur afin de pouvoir faire cette comparaison. Cela permettrait Ă©galement de voir si lâhomophilie a un impact « positif » ou « nĂ©gatif » sur lâengagement comportemental des Ă©tudiants. Mots clĂ©s: RĂ©seau social, homophile, intĂ©gration sociale, motivation, engagementMaster [120] en sciences de l'Ă©ducation, UniversitĂ© catholique de Louvain, 2017La diffusion de ce mĂ©moire n'est pas autorisĂ©e par l'institutio
Assessing the recent constraints set by local European banking regulators on the RWAâs of IRB models for Residential Mortgages loans
The first part of this master thesis is focused on the standardized approach used to obtain risk weight for residential mortgage loans and the analysis of its recent evolution. The second part concentrates itself on the internal ratings-based approach. It gives an overview of the principles and sources, the methods used to approximate its risk parameters and the usual results. The third part presents the measures of local European regulators on the risk-weighted assets of internal ratings based models. It also assesses their potential impact.Master [60] en sciences économiques, orientation générale, Université catholique de Louvain, 201
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