Influence of Bilingualism on Russian Peoples’ National Self-Identity

The article reveals how language relates to ethnic identification as a key component of a bilingual’s national self-identity. The research problem characterises the aim of the study, which isto establish how bilingualism influences Russian peoples’ national self-identity. The literature review demonstrated associations between language, linguistic consciousness, and national self-identity in social and human sciences as well as philosophy of language. Analysis and synthesis of scientific sources allowed substantiating the role of bilingualism and dialogue of culture in developing Russian people’s national self-identity. Specific features of bilingualism in Russia include monolingualism, dominance of the Russian language, a low level of acquiring a foreign language, and national-Russian bilingualism. The national-Russian bilingualism is inherent to the Republic of Buryatia and the Republic of Kalmykia. With dialogue of culture grounded, competence in languages on these territories is regarded as impetus for Russian people’s national self-identity to grow. The bilingual society seeks to revive the status of their national languages and develop their nations, without heading for monolignualism. Hence, bilingualism describes a positive influence on the national self-identity of the Buryats and Kalmyks.     Keywords: bilingualism; language; dialogue of culture; national self-identity; Russian people

Oxidation of graphene on metals

We use low-energy electron microscopy to investigate how graphene is removed from Ru(0001) and Ir(111) by reaction with oxygen. We find two mechanisms on Ru(0001). At short times, oxygen reacts with carbon monomers on the surrounding Ru surface, decreasing their concentration below the equilibrium value. This undersaturation causes a flux of carbon from graphene to the monomer gas. In this initial mechanism, graphene is etched at a rate that is given precisely by the same non-linear dependence on carbon monomer concentration that governs growth. Thus, during both growth and etching, carbon attaches and detaches to graphene as clusters of several carbon atoms. At later times, etching accelerates. We present evidence that this process involves intercalated oxygen, which destabilizes graphene. On Ir, this mechanism creates observable holes. It also occurs mostly quickly near wrinkles in the graphene islands, depends on the orientation of the graphene with respect to the Ir substrate, and, in contrast to the first mechanism, can increase the density of carbon monomers. We also observe that both layers of bilayer graphene islands on Ir etch together, not sequentially.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures. Manuscript revised to improve discussion, following referee comments. Accepted for publication in Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Feb. 11, 201

Growth from Below: Bilayer Graphene on Copper by Chemical Vapor Deposition

We evaluate how a second graphene layer forms and grows on Cu foils during chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Low-energy electron diffraction and microscopy is used to reveal that the second layer nucleates and grows next to the substrate, i.e., under a graphene layer. This underlayer mechanism can facilitate the synthesis of uniform single-layer films but presents challenges for growing uniform bilayer films by CVD. We also show that the buried and overlying layers have the same edge termination.Comment: Revised after review. Accepted for publication in New Journal of Physic

Single-Crystal Organic Field Effect Transistors with the Hole Mobility ~ 8 cm2/Vs

We report on the fabrication and characterization of single-crystal organic p-type field-effect transistors (OFETs) with the field-effect hole mobility mu \~ 8 cm2/Vs, substantially higher than that observed in thin-film OFETs. The single-crystal devices compare favorably with thin-film OFETs not only in this respect: the mobility for the single-crystal devices is nearly independent of the gate voltage and the field effect onset is very sharp. Subthreshold slope as small as S = 0.85 V/decade has been observed for a gate insulator capacitance Ci = 2 +- 0.2 nF/cm2. This corresponds to the intrinsic subthreshold slope Si = SCi at least one order of magnitude smaller than that for the best thin-film OFETs and amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) devices

Factors influencing graphene growth on metal surfaces

Graphene forms from a relatively dense, tightly-bound C-adatom gas, when elemental C is deposited on or segregates to the Ru(0001) surface. Nonlinearity of the graphene growth rate with C adatom density suggests that growth proceeds by addition of C atom clusters to the graphene edge. The generality of this picture has now been studied by use of low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) to observe graphene formation when Ru(0001) and Ir(111) surfaces are exposed to ethylene. The finding that graphene growth velocities and nucleation rates on Ru have precisely the same dependence on adatom concentration as for elemental C deposition implies that hydrocarbon decomposition only affects graphene growth through the rate of adatom formation; for ethylene, that rate decreases with increasing adatom concentration and graphene coverage. Initially, graphene growth on Ir(111) is like that on Ru: the growth velocity is the same nonlinear function of adatom concentration (albeit with much smaller equilibrium adatom concentrations, as we explain with DFT calculations of adatom formation energies). In the later stages of growth, graphene crystals that are rotated relative to the initial nuclei nucleate and grow. The rotated nuclei grow much faster. This difference suggests first, that the edge-orientation of the graphene sheets relative to the substrate plays an important role in the growth mechanism, and second, that attachment of the clusters to the graphene is the slowest step in cluster addition, rather than formation of clusters on the terraces

Dynamics of graphene growth on a metal surface: a time-dependent photoemission study

Applying time-dependent photoemission we unravel the graphene growth process on a metallic surface by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Graphene CVD growth is in stark contrast to the standard growth process of two--dimensional films because it is self-limiting and stops as soon as a monolayer graphene has been synthesized. Most importantly, a novel phase of metastable graphene was discovered that is characterized by permanent and simultaneous construction and deconstruction. The high quality and large area graphene flakes are characterized by angle-resolved photoemission proofing that they are indeed monolayer and cover the whole 1$\times$1 cm Nickel substrate. These findings are of high relevance to the intensive search for reliable synthesis methods for large graphene flakes of controlled layer number

Повышение тяговых характеристик тепловоза с гибридной энергетической установкой

The expediency of using a hybrid power system with the use of traction batteries on a diesel locomotive is substantiated since the relevance of the problem being solved lies in the possibility of increasing the weight norm of the train without reducing the performance of the main power equipment of the diesel locomotive, which is of great importance for improving the efficiency of railways.To predict the effectiveness of introduction of autonomous locomotives with a combined power source, traction properties of a diesel locomotive equipped with a set of traction batteries are estimated by mathematical modelling. The basis of the method is a dynamic model of train movement, in which the locomotive is represented as an electromechanical system with a direct current electric drive, where a diesel power generator and a lithium-ion battery are used as the primary energy source. It is shown that the use of a hybrid power source with a storage device with capacity of 1300 ampere-hours on a diesel locomotive makes it possible to increase the weight rate of a train by 18 % when moving along a typical profile. Particular attention is paid to the requirements for operation of traction electric machines to prevent their premature failure. It was found that during movement of a locomotive with a hybrid power plant with a train of the calculated weight and under normal environmental conditions (20°C and normal barometric pressure), an increase in the load current of traction motors does not lead to overheating of their windings at the calculated upward slope.The model suggested is universal and allows calculating the efficiency of a diesel locomotive with a hybrid power plant under any driving conditions.Обоснована целесообразность применения на тепловозе гибридной энергетической системы с использованием тяговых аккумуляторов. Актуальность решаемой задачи заключается в возможности увеличения весовой нормы поезда без снижения ресурса основного энергетического оборудования тепловоза, что имеет большое значение для повышения эффективности работы железных дорог.С целью прогнозирования эффективности внедрения на железных дорогах автономных локомотивов с комбинированным источником энергии методом математического моделирования определены тяговые свойства тепловоза, оборудованного батареей тяговых аккумуляторов. Основой метода является динамическая модель движения поезда, в которой локомотив представлен электромеханической системой с электроприводом постоянного тока, где в качестве первичного источника энергии используется дизельгенераторная установка и литий-ионная аккумуляторная батарея. Показано, что применение на тепловозе гибридного источника энергии с накопителем ёмкостью 1300 амперчас позволяет на 18 % повысить весовую норму поезда при движении по типовому профилю. Особое внимание уделяется требованиям к эксплуатации тяговых электрических машин для исключения их преждевременного отказа. Установлено, что при движении локомотива с гибридной энергетической установкой с составом расчётного веса и при нормальных условиях увеличение тока нагрузки тяговых электродвигателей не приводит к перегреву их обмоток на расчётном подъёме.Приведённая модель является универсальной и позволяет рассчитать эффективность работы тепловоза с гибридной энергетической установкой при любых условиях движения

Ингибиторы Янус-киназ в терапии псориатического артрита

The article presents an analysis of literature data on the use of a new group of targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors – tofacitinib (TOFA) and upadacitinib (UPA) – in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The results of randomized placebocontrolled clinical trials and long-term observational studies indicate the high efficacy and safety of using TOFA and UPA in the treatment of patients with PsA who are resistant to synthetic DMARDs and tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors. The information obtained so far allows us to recommend JAK inhibitors as a new pathogenetic approach to the treatment of PsA.В статье представлен анализ данных литературы о применении новой группы таргетных синтетических базисных противовоспалительных препаратов (БПВП) ингибиторов Янус-киназ (Janus kinase, JAK) – тофацитиниба (ТОФА) и упадацитиниба (УПА) – при псориатическом артрите (ПсА). Результаты проведенных рандомизированных плацебоконтролируемых клинических исследованиий и длительных наблюдательных исследований свидетельствуют о высокой эффективности и безопасности использования ТОФА и УПА в лечении пациентов с ПсА, резистентных к синтетическим БПВП и ингибиторам фактора некроза опухоли α . Полученные к настоящему времени сведения позволяют рекомендовать ингибиторы JAK в качестве нового патогенетически обоснованного подхода к терапии ПсА