80 research outputs found

    Pautas cíclicas en el desempleo europeo

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    A través del estudio de la dispersión entre las diferentes tasas de desempleo, el artículo comienza confirmando que existe un leve pero cierto proceso de convergencia. A partir de este punto se pretende cuantificar en que medida la evolución cíclica del desempleo dentro de cada uno de los países miembros de la UE esta contribuyendo a dicho proceso. Es decir, se trata de ver si se puede aproximar un proceso de acercamiento o no entre los ciclos del desempleo europeos. Si los ciclos europeos fueran próximos implicaría cierta aproximación a la existencia de un mercado de trabajo único donde se puedan desarrollar políticas laborales comunes y similares a todos los países miembros. Por otra parte, si todos los países europeos estuvieran dominados por el mismo ciclo la existencia de shock asimétricos sería más difícil de producirse. La estructura del artículo sigue el siguiente esquema. En primer lugar, se desarrolla un análisis de cointegración para conocer cuál es la evolución tendencial del desempleo. Posteriormente, a través del desarrollo del filtro de Hodrick y Prescott (1977) se analiza cuál es la evolución cíclica del desempleo. Y por último, se calculan una serie de funciones impulso-respuesta en un intento por descubrir la existencia de un comportamiento similar a nivel europeo ante un mismo shock en el desempleo.desempleo, ciclos, cointegración, UE,

    Sectoral structure, qualification characteristics and patterns of labour mobility

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    This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in Service Industries Journal on 1/07/2007, available online at:http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/02642060701346607The paper has two main objectives. First, to investigate whether workers show significant differences in labour opportunities. Second, to test the hypothesis that tertiarisation has important effects explaining it. The hypotheses are: (1) tertiarisation has relevant effects on the structure of labour demand by skills; (2) the labour opportunities of workers can be influenced by the skills developed in their previous jobs and their concordance between sectoral changes. From a methodological point of view, the approach implies a study of labour transition data of workers, sectoral change and its qualification implications. In order to research the previous argument, the authors analyse labour mobility within European countries. Therefore, data used in the paper come from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). All descriptive analyses have been carried out and the results from dynamic logit panel data model suggest that the relation of workers to tertiarisation and its implications approximated by their previous labour situation (sector and skill) are significant, explaining differences observed in labour transitions and its characteristics

    Highly skilled immigration and its impact on the labour market in Europe

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    La inmigración de alta cualificación reviste actualmente una creciente importancia y, dadas sus características específicas y su posible posición estratégica en los procesos de trabajo, el estudio de sus efectos resulta especialmente relevante. Este artículo analiza el impacto laboral que tiene la presencia de población inmigrante con estudios superiores sobre las oportunidades laborales de los trabajadores nativos en una selección de países europeos que poseen una mayor población inmigrante de este tipo. Tras describir sus características más relevantes, se realizan distintas estimaciones econométricas para establecer cuál es el efecto laboral inducido por este colectivo. Los resultados apuntan a un efecto negativo, pero de carácter muy moderado, sobre la tasa de empleo de los nacionales para los países de España, Alemania, Francia y Suiza, e incluso un ligerísimo efecto positivo en el caso de Italia y Reino Unido. Highly skilled immigration is currently growing significantly and, given its specific features and possible strategic position in labour processes, the study of its effects is particularly important. This article analyses the labour impact of the presence of an immigrant population with higher education on the job opportunities of national workers in a selection of European countries that possess a large immigrant population of this type. After describing their most significant characteristics, various econometric estimates are used to establish the labour effect exerted by this group. The results indicate an effect that is negative, but only moderately, on the employment rates of the nationals of Spain, Germany,France and Switzerland, and even a slightly positive effect in the cases of Italy and the United Kingdom. DOI: doi.org/10.24241/AnuarioCIDOBInmi.2017.15

    Impacto del COVID-19 en el mercado de trabajo: un análisis de los colectivos vulnerables

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    29 p.El presente documento de trabajo recoge una reflexión sobre cuál podría ser el impacto laboral provocado por la actual crisis sanitaria del COVID19. A través de las estadísticas de paro registrado, afiliaciones a la Seguridad Social y en base al posible efecto sobre el empleo (analizando sus características y composición se determinan cuáles serán los colectivos más perjudicados y/o aquellos que se encuentran en una situación laboral más vulnerable. Al respecto los grupos poblacionales en riesgo suelen ser las mujeres sobre-representada en los sectores productivos más afectados a medio plazo por la crisis sanitaria (Hostelería, Turismo y Comercio), los jóvenes entre los cuales se establece una elevada presencia del desempleo, los inmigrantes por presentar una situación laboral más precaria vinculada con la temporalidad, los mayores de 45 años que han sido muy perjudicados por la última crisis del empleo y los trabajadores menos cualificados o que desarrollan ocupaciones elementales debido a que no pueden adaptar su puesto de trabajo a las condiciones requeridas por el periodo de alarma en relación al teletrabajo. Ello establece un impacto laboral dispar entre los diferentes colectivos poblacionales que profundizará en las desigualdades laborales existentes dentro de nuestro mercado de trabajo. No se debe olvidar el componente humano que se escode detrás de las estadísticas las laborales.This working paper includes reflects on what the possible labor impact caused by the current health crisis of COVID19. Through the statistics of registered unemployment, affiliations to Social Security and based on the possible effect on employment, analysing its characteristics and composition, it is determined which groups will be most affected and / or those who are in a more vulnerable employment situation. In this regard, the population groups at risk are usually women who are over-represented in the productive sectors most affected in the medium term by the health crisis (Hospitality, Tourism and Commerce), young people among whom a high presence of unemployment is established, immigrants for presenting a more precarious employment situation linked to temporary employment, those over 45 years of age who have been severely affected by the latest employment crisis and those workers who are less qualified or engaged in elementary occupations because they are unable to adapt their jobs to the alarm period in relation to telework. This establishes a disparate labor impact among the different population groups that will deepen the existing labor inequalities within our labor market. The human component behind the labor statistics should not be forgotten

    Evolución reciente de la segregación laboral por género en España

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    In whole countries, as well as in Spain, women is been the main core of recent trends of evolution in labour market. The traditional differences, both socially and concerning labour, dividing men and women are diminishing. However, occupational segregation by gender is one of the most persistent features of labour markets in developed countries. Within this context, this research has various objectives: Firstly, to determine the current evolution of occupational segregation by gender in Spain; secondly, to identify the explanatory components of this evolution; and finally, to conclude whether the reasons for female segregation are due to female characteristics or the conditions of the jobs to which they are assigned. The data used comes from the Spanish Labour Force Survey (EPA), with a three-digit de-aggregation.La mujer está siendo protagonista en gran medida de la evolución reciente del mercado de trabajo de la mayoría de los países desarrollados, incluido España. Las diferencias que tradicionalmente separaban a las mujeres de los hombres se están reduciendo. Sin embargo, la segregación laboral por género se constituye persistentemente en uno de los rasgos de los mercados de trabajo de los países desarrollados.En este contexto, el trabajo se plantea varios objetivos. En primer lugar, determinar cuál está siendo la evolución actual de la segregación laboral por género en España.En segundo lugar, identificar los componentes que explican esta evolución. Por último, concluir si son las características de las mujeres o las condiciones de los puestos de trabajo a los que son asignadas las que determinan su segregación. Los datos utilizados a lo largo del presente artículo proceden de la Encuesta de Población Activa, con un nivel de desagregación de tres dígitos

    Efectos de la inmigración en el mercado de trabajo español

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    La inmigración se ha convertido en relativamente poco tiempo en uno de los factores fundamentales para la explicación de la evolución y comportamiento del mercado de trabajo español. Este resultado se sustenta en razones que tienen que ver tanto en la magnitud que revisten los procesos de recepción de inmigrantes como en el amplio espectro de efectos que pueden derivarse de este tipo de procesos. A partir del escenario dibujado por ambas afirmaciones, el objetivo que se plantea este artículo es revisar los resultados que aportan los trabajos realizados recientemente respecto del fenómeno de la inmigración en España, como forma de señalar, a modo de conclusión, las oportunidades y los retos introducidos por la inmigración en la evolución futura de nuestro mercado de trabajo

    Sectorial structure, qualitative characteristics and guidelines of labour mobility in the European Union.

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    In the context of the process of construction of a single labour market in the Economic Union, one of the greatest problems is the existence of certain levels of structural unemployment. From this point of view, the imbalance between the qualification characteristics of work supply and demand as well as the determining factors of geographical mobility among jobs become a relevant explication factor. The aim of the paper will be to carry out a comparative analysis of some of the most important characteristics of employment in European countries. For this, how different employed population groups are distributed by sectors of activity and labour occupations will be analysed, how these structures have been modified over time, and the patterns of labour mobility that interconnect activities and occupations in the framework of labour mobility, in order to see whether these evolutions are leading to an assimilation of labour characteristics in the countries, or not. Keywords: labour mobility, employment, service sector, European Union. JEL-Code: J62, L80, F02

    Does tertiarization explain differences in labour market behaviour?: A cross national approach refering to European Union

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    There are ever more works which identify the service sector as the principal protagonist in the creation of employment in western economies, with respect to the recent past and in the near future. At the same time, agreement exists regarding the profound transformations that work characteristics are undergoing, a processs which can be finally expressed as an increment in what we could call "work flexibility". With reference to the previous questions, in the European Union very varied disparities can be found. Whilst employment in Ireland and in Spain increased noticeably between 1994 and 2000, (37 and 23% respectively), in Austria the increase was only 0.9% and in Germany 3%. On the other hand, we can also find great differences in labour behviour in terms of flexibility and rigidity. The thesis which we endeavour to prove in the work is double: In what measure do the services ( and their internal composition) explain both the processes of employment creation and the increment of job flexibility observed in the EU? In what measure do the differences in tertiarization (and their internal composition) in the EU countries explain the heterogeneity observed in both employment creation and increased job dynamics? For this, and by means of the data of the "European Household Panel", the paper will have the following scheme: a) In first place, the behaviour of job markets in the European Union countries will be revised (employment creation, the presence of services and the processes of tertiarization). b) Then the internal composition of the tertiary sector will be analyzed in each of these countries, checking the extent in which they are similar or different. c) Finally, using shift-share techniques the relation between tertiarization, processes of employment creation and work flexibility (through indicators of labour mobility) will be analyzed, in relation to the EU and to each of the member countries.

    Changes in the wage return to tertiary education in Spain: evidence from matched employer-employee data

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    This paper analyses the recent evolution of the wage return to tertiary education in Spain, distinguishing between advanced vocational training and university education. Using data from the Spanish Structure of Earnings Survey, the study estimates wage equations which, in addition to considering the human capital and the personal and employment characteristics of individuals as causal factors, includes a measure of the excess labour supply of university graduates by region. The results show that the wage differential of the graduate population fell, in general, in the period 1995-2006, and that a relatively high supply of graduates in the regional labour market negatively affects wages in such regions, and that these effects increase over time
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