Valoración de marcadores plasmáticos metabólicos, inflamatorios y de estres oxidativo en niños sanos según la condición física

Actualmente, aún no hay suficiente información sobre el efecto de la condición física y el ejercicio en la infancia, y su impacto en la edad adulta. Existen datos contradictorios en la literatura acerca de la influencia del género, la condición cardiorrespiratoria y la actividad física sobre los cambios metabólicos, de estrés oxidativo e inflamatorios. De hecho, aún no se han identificado biomarcadores específicos en relación con una mejor o peor condición física, que condicionen un papel en el desarrollo o la prevención de las enfermedades pediátricas. El objetivo general de esta tesis ha sido evaluar el impacto de la condición física y la actividad física sobre determinados biomarcadores tradicionales y no tradicionales de riesgo metabólico, de estrés oxidativo e inflamatorios, en niños prepúberes sanos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en centros de educación primaria de Córdoba, España. Se seleccionaron 141 niños sanos (88 niños y 53 niñas) de 7-12 años, en estadio puberal de Tanner I. Se clasificaron en dos grupos en función de su nivel de condición física tras realizar el test de 20m “shuttle run test”: un grupo de baja condición física (LF) y otro grupo con alta condición física (HF). Por otro lado, se dividieron en dos grupos en relación al ejercicio que realizaban en un programa de actividades extraescolares, o si eran sedentarios, tras realizar un cuestionario adaptado para obtener información sobre la práctica de actividad física. Paralelamente se midieron parámetros antropométricos, de presión arterial, y se analizaron biomarcadores en sangre de riesgo metabólico clásicos y no tradicionales (incluidas adipoquinas) y marcadores de estrés oxidativo. Los principales resultados fueron: - El grupo con baja condición física, con respecto al HF, presentó: a) mayores niveles de triglicéridos, glucosa, insulina e índice de resistencia a la insulina HOMA; b) menor producción de HDL-colesterol y apolipoproteinas A; c) similar producción de oxidantes y menor producción de antioxidantes; d) menor producción de leptina y mayor de interleuquina 6. No hubo diferencia entre grupos en el resto de biomarcadores medidos. - El grupo que no practicaba actividad física con respecto al que si lo hacía presentó: e) similar producción de oxidantes y menor de antioxidantes; f) mayores niveles de factor quimioatractivo de macrófagos (MCP1) y valores similares en el resto de biomarcadores de inflamación. - Al comparar por género, el grupo de niñas con baja condición y práctica física presentó: g) mayor nivel de glucosa, colesterol total y de LDL colesterol que los niños. - El grupo de niñas presentó mayor estrés oxidativo que los niños. Los resultados mostraron que una adecuada condición física apoyada por una práctica regular de actividad física realizada durante la infancia podría ayudar a evitar el desarrollo de patologías en la adolescencia y/o en la edad adulta como el síndrome metabólico y mayor estrés oxidativo, favoreciendo también un equilibrio más saludable en la producción de adipocitoquinas.Currently, there is not yet enough information about the effect of fitness and exercise in childhood, and its impact in adulthood. There are conflicting data in the literature regarding the influence of gender, cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity on the metabolic changes, oxidative stress and inflammation. In fact, specific biomarkers in relation with a good or a poor physical condition have not been identified yet. The identification of some biomarkers could condition the development or prevention of pediatric diseases. The aim of this Thesis was to assess the impact of fitness status and physical activity on classical and non-classical plasma metabolic risk biomarkers, oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in healthy prepubertal children. The study was conducted in primary schools in Cordoba, Spain. We selected 141 healthy children (88 boys and 53 girls) aged 7-12 years, at Tanner I pubertal stage. They were classified into two groups according to their level of fitness after doing the 20m shuttle run test: low fitness (LF) and high fitness (HF) groups. In addition, these children were divided into two groups after an evaluation about physical practice or sedentary activities. For this evaluation, and a questionnaire was adapted for information on physical activity or sedentary situation and the exercise practice in a school program. Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were measured. Blood classical and nontraditional metabolic risk biomarkers, adipocitokines and oxidative stress markers were analyzed. The main results were: - The group with low fitness, with respect to the HF group, presented: a) higher levels of triglycerides, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index HOMA, b) lower production of HDL-cholesterol and apolipoproteins A, c) similar oxidant production and lower production of antioxidants; d) lower production of leptin and higher of interleukin-6. There were no differences in the other biomarkers measured, between thes groups. - The group that did not practice physical activity with respect to practice it showed: e) similar production of oxidants and lower of antioxidants, f) higher levels of macrophage chemoattractant factor (MCP1) and similar values in the rest of biomarkers. - Comparing by gender, the group of girls with low fitness and no practice of physical activity presented: g) higher levels of glucose, total cholesterol and LDLcholesterol than boys. - The group of girls showed higher oxidative stress than boys. Results showed that an adequate physical condition supported by regular practice of physical activity during childhood could help to prevent the development of diseases in adolescence and/or in adulthood as metabolic syndrome and higher oxidative stress, promoting a healthy balance in the production of adipocytokines

Evaluation of Physical Activity and Lifestyle Interventions Focused on School Children with Obesity Using Accelerometry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Despite the existence of global recommendations for physical activity and lifestyle to avoid childhood obesity, there are no specific recommendations for school-age children. The aim of this meta-analysis was to measure the effects of current interventions with a physical activity component on body mass index (BMI) Z-score and on the moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time, measured by accelerometry, and focused on children with obesity. Randomized controlled trial studies (RCTs) based on physical activity interventions focused on children with obesity (6 to 12 years old) from January 1991 to August 2018 were included. The post-intervention mean and standard deviation of the BMI Z-score and MVPA engaged time were extracted to calculate the results using random effects models. Of a total of 229 studies considered potentially eligible, only 10 RCTs met the inclusion criteria. There were improvements in the BMI Z-score for physical activity intervention groups, compared with non-intervention children in addition to a significant increase in time engaged in MVPA. In conclusion, interventions with a physical activity component in school-children with obesity seem to be effective at reducing BMI and producing an increase in time spent engaged in physical activity. Therefore, interventions based on physical activity should be considered one of the main strategies in treating childhood obesity

Acute Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplements on Resistance Training: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover

The ingestion of beetroot juice (BJ) has been associated with improvements in physical performance in endurance sports, however the literature on resistance training (RT) is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of BJ compared to a placebo (PLA) on muscular endurance and movement concentric velocity during RT. Twelve healthy men performed an incremental RT test (back squat and bench press) with three sets, at 60%, 70%, and 80% of their repetition maximum (1-RM). Movement velocity variables, total number of repetitions performed until concentric failure, blood lactate, and ratings of perceived effort post-training were measured. A higher number of repetitions were recorded with BJ compared to those with PLA (13.8 ± 14.4; p 0.05). Acute supplementation of BJ improved muscular endurance performance in RT

Relationship between Physical Activity, Oxidative Stress, and Total Plasma Antioxidant Capacity in Spanish Children from the GENOBOX Study

The World Health Organization has recommended performing at least 60 min a day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and reducing sedentarism in children and adolescents to offer significant health benefits and mitigate health risks. Physical fitness and sports practice seem to improve oxidative stress (OS) status during childhood. However, to our knowledge, there are no data regarding the influence of objectively-measured physical activity (PA) and sedentarism on OS status in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of moderate and vigorous PA and sedentarism on OS and plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in a selected Spanish population of 216 children and adolescents from the GENOBOX study. PA (light, moderate, and vigorous) and sedentarism (i.e., sedentary time (ST)) were measured by accelerometry. A Physical Activity-Sedentarism Score (PASS) was developed integrating moderate and vigorous PA and ST levels. Urinary 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and isoprostane F2 (F2-IsoPs), as markers of OS, were determined by ELISA; and TAC was estimated by colorimetry using an antioxidant kit. A higher PASS was associated with lower plasma TAC and urinary 8-OHdG and F2-IsoPs, showing a better redox profile. Reduced OS markers (8-OHdG and F2-IsoPs) in children with higher PASS may diminish the need of maintaining high concentrations of antioxidants in plasma during rest to achieve redox homeostasis.Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I + D + I), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Health Research Funding (FONDOS FEDER) PI11/02042 PI11/02059 PI11/01425 PI16/00871 PI16/01301 PI16/01205RETIC (Redes temáticas de investigación cooperativa) Red SAMID RD12/0026/0015Instituto de Salud Carlos III European Commission IFI17/00048Research Plan of the Vice-Rectorate of Research and Transfer of the University of Granada, Spai

Association of Diet, Physical Activity Guidelines and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Children

The aim was to identify different dietary and physical activity (PA) patterns in 5- to 14-year-old children with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity using cluster analysis based on their adherence to the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition dietary guidelines and levels of PA, and to determine their associations with age, sex, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk markers. In 549 children, hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify subgroups with similar adherence to dietary recommendations and level of PA. Three clusters were identified: Cluster 1, with the lowest level of vigorous PA and adherence to dietary recommendations; Cluster 2, with the lowest levels of moderate and vigorous PA and the highest adherence to dietary recommendations; and Cluster 3, with the highest level of PA, especially vigorous PA and a medium level adherence to dietary recommendations. Cluster 3 had lower total body fat and higher lean body mass percentages than Cluster 2. Cluster 2 had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than Cluster 1. The results from our study suggest that it is important to consider adherence to PA recommendations together with adherence to dietary guidelines to understand patterns of obesogenic habits in pediatric populations with high prevalence of overweight and obesity.Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I + D + I), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Health Research Funding (FONDOS FEDER) (PI05/1968, PI11/01425, PI11/02042, PI11/02059, PI16/01301, PI16/01205 and PI1600871)CIBEROBN Network (CB15/00131, CB15/00043)Plan Propio de la Universidad de Granada with a Sabatical Program 2020–202

Evaluation of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity Levels Using Different Accelerometry Protocols in Children from the GENOBOX Study

This research was funded by the Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica (I + D + I), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-HealthResearchFunding (FONDOS FEDER) (PI11/02042, PI11/02059, PI11/01425; PI16/00871, PI16/01301, PI16/01205) and RETIC (Redes tematicas de investigacion cooperativa) (Red SAMID RD12/0026/0015). Angel Gil is funded by the Plan Propio de la Universidad de Granada with a Sabatical Program 2020-21. This paper will be included in Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro's doctorate, under the "Social and Legal Sciences Program" at the University of Cordoba, Spain.Background: Physical activity (PA) has acquired a significant relevance due to the health benefits associated with its practice. Accelerometers are an effective tool to assess PA; however, the diversity of cut-off points used to define different PA intensities through accelerometry could interfere in the interpretation of the findings among studies. Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) levels in children using six selected accelerometry protocols based on diverse cut-off points. Methods: Clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, and PA evaluation by accelerometry were assessed in 543 selected children (10 ± 2.4 years old) from the Spanish GENOBOX study. The ActiLife data scoring program was used to determine daily min spent in SB, and light, moderate, vigorous and moderate-vigorous PA using six validated accelerometry protocols differing in their cut-off points. Results: Very different estimations for SB and PA intensity levels were found in children, independently of the nonwear- time algorithm selected, and considering puberty stages, age and body mass index. The time spent in daily SB varied from 471 to 663.7 min, PA ranged from 141 to 301.6 min, and the moderate-vigorous PA was reported between 20.7 and 180.2 min. Conclusion: The choice of a particular accelerometry protocol considering these factors is important to evaluate SB or PA intensities to suit the characteristics of the sample researched. It seems necessary to establish future lines of research that include different analytical approaches to measure SB and PA by accelerometry based on standardized and validated methodology.Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica (I + D + I), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-HealthResearchFunding (FONDOS FEDER) PI11/02042 PI11/02059 PI11/01425 PI16/00871 PI16/01301 PI16/01205RETIC (Redes tematicas de investigacion cooperativa) RD12/0026/0015Plan Propio de la Universidad de Granad

Physical fitness as an indicator of health status and its relationship to academic performance during the prepubertal period

Background: Physical activity (PA) is considered one of the most important determinants of the health status in children, and predictor of morbidity/mortality in adults. The aim is to examine the relationship between physical fitness (PF), PA, obesity and academic performance (AP) in primary school children Methods: Cross-sectional studies including 91 primary school students, aged 9 to 12 years, from the province of Córdoba. Data was collected from April to June 2014. We measured PF using part of the EUROFIT fitness testing battery. The level of PA was measured as low or high PF and the level of obesity was measured using body mass index, waist circumference, percentage offal mass, lean body mass, percentage of lean mass and basal metabolism. AP by scores on the second quarter was based on the total average of scores of basic subjects and other subjects, including physical education. Cognitive performance was assessed by the Spanish overall and factorial intelligence test.Results: The results of AP were positively related to levels of PF. Students who achieve better PF score better in Maths, (P=0.019), Natural Sciences (P=0.024), Religion (P=0.018) and Physical Education (P<0.001). A direct association between maximal aerobic capacity with Mathematics (r=0.325, P=0.02), AP (r=0.349, P=0.001) and cognitive performance (CP)(r=0.312, P=0.003) was observed. There was also a direct association of better jump tests with higher AP (r=0.328, P=0.002).Conclusion: The AP is associated with higher levels of fitness. Therefore, the education system should consider implementing curriculum strategies favouring the improvement of the PF, and therefore the health and AP of students

Prepubertal Children With Metabolically Healthy Obesity or Overweight Are More Active Than Their Metabolically Unhealthy Peers Irrespective of Weight Status: GENOBOX Study

This work was supported by the Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I + D + I), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Health Research Funding (FONDOS FEDER) (PI051968, PI11/02042, PI11/02059, PI11/01425 and PI16/00871, PI16/01301, PI16/01205), Redes temáticas de investigación cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID RD12/0026/0015), and the Mapfre Foundation. The authors also acknowledge Instituto de Salud Carlos III for personal funding: Contratos i-PFIS: doctorados IIS-empresa en ciencias y tecnologías de la salud de la convocatoria 2017 de la Acción Estratégica en Salud 2013– 2016 (IFI17/00048) and the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 16/03653).Background and Aim: The association of a metabolically healthy status with the practice of physical activity (PA) remains unclear. Sedentarism and low PA have been linked to increased cardiometabolic risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PA levels in metabolically healthy (MH) or unhealthy (MU) prepubertal children with or without overweight/obesity. Methods: A total 275 children (144 boys) with 9 ± 2 years old were selected for the GENOBOX study. PA times and intensities were evaluated by accelerometry, and anthropometry, blood pressure, and blood biochemical markers were analyzed. Children were considered to have normal weight or obesity, and further classified as MH or MU upon fulfillment of the considered metabolic criteria. Results: Classification resulted in 119 MH children (21% with overweight/obesity, referred to as MHO) and 156 MU children (47% with overweight/obesity, referred to as MUO). Regarding metabolic profile, MHO showed lower blood pressure levels, both systolic and diastolic and biochemical markers levels, such as glucose, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, triglycerides and higher HDL-c levels thanMUO (P < 0.001). In addition, MHO children spent more time in PA of moderate intensity compared with MUO children. In relation to vigorous PA, MH normal weight (MHN)children showed higher levels than MUO children. Considering sex, boys spent more time engaged in moderate, vigorous, and moderate–vigorous (MV) PA than girls, and the number of boys in the MH group was also higher. Conclusion: Prepubertal MHO children are less sedentary, more active, and have better metabolic profiles than their MUO peers. However, all children, especially girls, should increase their PA engagement, both in terms of time and intensity because PA appears to be beneficial for metabolic health status itself.Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I + D + I)Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Health Research Funding (FONDOS FEDER) (PI051968, PI11/02042, PI11/02059, PI11/01425 and PI16/00871, PI16/01301, PI16/01205)Redes temáticas de investigación cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID RD12/0026/0015)Mapfre FoundationInstituto de Salud Carlos III(IFI17/00048)Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 16/03653

Estudio de la obesidad en una población infantil rural y su relación con variables antropométricas.

To know the prevalence of obesity in primary and secondary school students, and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of anthropometric variables for its detection. Cross-sectional study. Rural area of Córdoba. In the year 2014. Student population. A stratified sampling was performed according to age, gender and educational centers. A total of 323 students from 6 to 16 years were included in the study, all parents had signed informed consent. The prevalence of obesity was determined and sociodemographic, anthropometric, physical condition and dietary predictor variables were collected. A binary logistic regression was performed determining crude and adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) values, ROC curves were obtained and cut-off values were determined, calculating the sensitivity, specificity and Youden index. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 26.2% and 22.3%, respectively. Only 15.2% of school children had an optimal Mediterranean diet. The waist-height ratio (WtHR) was the predictive variable with the highest adjusted OR 7.1 (4.3-11.6) and the largest area under the curve 0.954 (0.928-0.979), from a global cut-off value to discriminate obesity of 0.507. This gave a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 87.2%. The high prevalence of obesity, the low-medium adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the low physical fitness make this population a priority target for the prevention of future cardiovascular events. The WtHR has been the best anthropometric predictor of obesity, recommending its use for the diagnosis of obesity in children at the expense of body mass index

Changes in Physical Activity Patterns from Childhood to Adolescence: Genobox Longitudinal Study

Longitudinal changes of physical activity (PA) from childhood into adolescence have not been accurately described yet for the Spanish population. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes of PA, assessed by accelerometry and anthropometric measures in a cohort of 213 children from the prepubertal to pubertal period, focusing on those with valid data from both time points (n = 75). Sedentary time (ST) increased about 50%, while all PA intensities declined from the pre-pubertal to pubertal period. Light PA (LPA) was the major contributor, decreasing by about 30%. Boys were more active than girls in both periods, but they showed a higher decline in PA, especially moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). The proportion who reached the recommendation of 60 min of MVPA decreased by 33.3% in boys and 4.6% in girls. Children with obesity or overweight had lower MVPA than those with normal-weight in the pre-pubertal period, but no differences were found in the pubertal period. This study shows a decrease of PA and an increase of sedentarism in the transition from childhood to adolescence, particularly in boys. Regardless of body weight, adolescents tend to be less active. Therefore, prevention programs should be implemented to achieve optimal PA and reduce sedentarism during infancy considering the differences found by sex.Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica (I + D + I)Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Health Research Funding (FONDOS FEDER) PI11/02042 PI11/02059 PI11/01425 PI16/00871 PI16/01301 PI16/01205RETIC (Redes tematicas de investigacion cooperativa) (Red SAMID) RD12/0026/0015Instituto de Salud Carlos III IFI17/0004