Més a prop de determinar el virus causant de la proventriculitis transmissible dels pollastres

La proventriculitis vírica transmissible (PVT) és una malaltia infecciosa que afecta els pollastres, causant un increment del gruix i una major fragilitat de l'estómac glandular (proventricle). La malaltia es caracteritza per lesions microscòpiques específiques que inclouen necrosi de les cèl·lules glandulars epitelials (cèl·lules oxíntico-pèptiques), hiperplàsia dels conductes epitelials i inflamació limfocítica. Són diversos els agents virals que han estat suggerits com a possibles causants de la malaltia. Entre ells destaquen el virus de la bronquitis infecciosa (BIV), un virus semblant a un adenovirus (família de virus que infecten tant humans com animals), i el virus de la malaltia de Gumboro (conegut en anglès com a infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV), que afecta només pollastres. En qualsevol cas, no s'ha confirmat que cap d'aquests agents fos el causant de la malaltia. Aquest estudi, realitzat per investigadors de la UAB, inclou la primera descripció de detecció intralesional d'un agent infecciós en casos de pollastres afectats naturalment de proventriculitis vírica transmissible.La proventriculitis vírica transmisible (PVT) es una enfermedad infecciosa que afecta a los pollos, causando un incremento del grosor y una mayor fragilidad del estómago glandular (proventrículo). La enfermedad se caracteriza por lesiones microscópicas específicas que incluyen necrosis de las células glandulares epiteliales (células oxíntico- pépticas), hiperplasia de los conductos epiteliales e inflamación linfocítica. Son varios los agentes virales que han sido sugeridos como posibles causantes de la enfermedad. Entre ellos destacan el virus de la bronquitis infecciosa (BIV), un virus parecido a un adenovirus (familia de virus que infectan tanto humanos como animales), y el virus de la enfermedad de Gumboro (conocido en inglés como Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV), que afecta sólo pollos. En cualquier caso, no se ha confirmado que ninguno de estos agentes fuera el causante de la enfermedad. Este estudio, realizado por investigadores de la UAB, incluye la primera descripción de detección intralesional de un agente infeccioso en casos de pollos afectados naturalmente de proventriculitis vírica transmisible.Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is an infectious disease of chickens which results in an enlarged and fragile proventriculus. The disease is characterised by specific microscopic lesions including glandular epithelial (oxynticopeptic) cell necrosis, ductal epithelial hyperplasia, and lymphocytic inflammation. Several viruses have been suggested as the cause of the disease, including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), adenovirus-like virus and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). However, none of them have been confirmed as being the cause of the disease. Here we describe the specific intralesional detection of an infectious agent from naturally occurring cases of TVP

Clostridium perfringens-Associated Necrotic Enteritis-Like Disease in Coconut Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus).

Several outbreaks of necrotic enteritis-like disease in lorikeets, from which Clostridium perfringens was consistently isolated, are described. All lorikeets had acute, segmental, or multifocal fibrinonecrotizing inflammatory lesions in the small and/or the large intestine, with intralesional gram-positive rods. The gene encoding C. perfringens alpha toxin was detected by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues in 20 out of 24 affected lorikeets (83%), but it was not amplified from samples of any of 10 control lorikeets (P < .0001). The second most prevalent C. perfringens toxin gene detected was the beta toxin gene, which was found in FFPE from 7 out of 24 affected lorikeets (29%). The other toxin genes were detected inconsistently and in a relatively low number of samples. These cases seem to be associated with C. perfringens, although the specific type involved could not be determined

Fatal gastritis and enterocolitis due to concurrent Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni infection in a captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)

A 3.5-year-old female cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) died after a 10-day history of anorexia, regurgitation and diarrhoea despite symptomatic therapy. At gross post-mortem examination, the stomach was blood-filled with mucosal thickening and multifocal ulcerations. The intestinal mucosa was thickened and reddened, and the intestinal lumen was filled with dark red to black pasty content. Gastric histological lesions were compatible with gastritis due to Helicobacter infection, which was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Histology of the intestines revealed a severe necrotizing neutrophilic enterocolitis with abundant intralesional curved to spiral bacteria, corresponding to Campylobacter jejuni, which were subsequently isolated from both small and large intestinal contents. No other intestinal pathogens were detected despite thorough investigations. These findings suggest that C. jejuni may have played an aetiological role in the enterocolitis. Such an association has not been previously reported in non-domestic felids

Fatal gastritis and enterocolitis due to concurrent Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni infection in a captive cheetah (Acinonyxjubatus).

A 3.5-year-old female cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) died after a 10-day history of anorexia, regurgitation and diarrhoea despite symptomatic therapy. At gross post-mortem examination, the stomach was blood-filled with mucosal thickening and multifocal ulcerations. The intestinal mucosa was thickened and reddened, and the intestinal lumen was filled with dark red to black pasty content. Gastric histological lesions were compatible with gastritis due to Helicobacter infection, which was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Histology of the intestines revealed a severe necrotizing neutrophilic enterocolitis with abundant intralesional curved to spiral bacteria, corresponding to Campylobacter jejuni, which were subsequently isolated from both small and large intestinal contents. No other intestinal pathogens were detected despite thorough investigations. These findings suggest that C. jejuni may have played an aetiological role in the enterocolitis. Such an association has not been previously reported in non-domestic felids

Síndrome hiperosmolar hiperglicémico en un gato diabético : análisis de los disturbios ácido-base asociados mediante un modelo cuantitativo simplificado

La incidencia del síndrome hiperosmolar hiperglucémico en la especie felina es baja; sin embargo, la morbilidad y mortalidad asociadas a esta complicación diabética son elevadas. La evaluación y monitorización de la natremia, glucemia y osmolalidad son fundamentales a la hora de abordar el manejo de este tipo de urgencia endocrina en pacientes con graves desequilibrios hidroelectrolíticos y, frecuentemente, con enfermedades crónicas asociadas. En conocimiento de los autores, este es el primer caso donde se describen las anomalías ácido-base, asociadas a este tipo de desequilibrios, mediante la ecuación de Fencl-Stewart, un modelo cuantitativo simplificado especialmente útil para el análisis del estatus ácido-base en pacientes críticos

Duodenoduodenal intussusception in a 16‐year‐old German Warmblood mare

A 16-year-old German Warmblood mare was presented with an acute history of abdominal pain that failed to respond to medical treatment. Diagnostic evaluations including transabdominal and transrectal ultrasound and palpation were suggestive of a small-intestinal intussusception. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a duodenoduodenal intussusception of the proximal and middle third of the duodenum. The horse was subjected to euthanasia due to the poor prognosis. The post-mortem examination showed the intussusception to be associated with a pseudodiverticulum orally to the intussusception and duodenal muscular hypertrophy

Pathological findings in genital organs of bulls naturally infected with Besnoitia besnoiti

Bulls chronically affected by bovine besnoitiosis can suffer from sterility. There is limited information about the distribution of Besnoitia cysts and their associated lesions within the male genital organs. This work describes the gross and histological abnormalities in the genital organs of 6 bulls chronically infected with Besnoitia besnoiti, including both clinically (n = 4) and subclinically (n = 2) affected cases. Parasitic cysts were observed in the genital organs of all the clinically affected bulls. The tissue cysts were most commonly found within the pampiniform plexus (4/4), where they were often seen within venous vascular walls and associated with vasculitis, followed by epididymis (3/4), tunica albuginea (2/4), and penis (1/4). In decreasing order of their frequency, observed abnormalities included seminiferous tubule degeneration, testicular fibrosis, testicular necrosis, lack of/or diminished numbers of spermatozoa, testicular atrophy, and Leydig cell hyperplasia. Only one of the subclinically infected bulls had few Besnoitia cysts within the pampinoform plexus, which was associated to small areas of necrosis and mineralization in the ipsilateral testicle. Results indicate that Besnoitia cysts and genital abnormalities are frequent in bulls chronically affected by bovine besnoitiosis, while they are mild and scarce in subclinically affected ones. Moreover, present data show that Besnotia-associated testicular lesions can occur without the presence of cysts within the testicular parenchyma. B. besnoiti cysts seem to have a tropism for the vascular structures of the spermatic chord, which may cause testicular abnormalities via vascular damage, reduced blood flow, and/or impaired thermoregulation and subsequently lead to the observed testicular lesions.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Serological and molecular surveys of influenza A viruses in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic wild birds

To evaluate how avian influenza virus (AIV) circulates among the avifauna of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands, we surveyed 14 species of birds from Marion, Livingston and Gough islands. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out on the sera of 147 birds. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the AIV genome from 113 oropharyngeal and 122 cloacal swabs from these birds. The overall seroprevalence to AIV infection was 4.8%, with the only positive results coming from brown skuas (Catharacta antarctica) (4 out of 18, 22%) and southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) (3 out of 24, 13%). Avian influenza virus antibodies were detected in birds sampled from Marion and Gough islands, with a higher seroprevalence on Marion Island (P = 0.014) and a risk ratio of 11.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.40–91.28) compared to Gough Island. The AIV genome was not detected in any of the birds sampled. These results confirm that AIV strains are uncommon among Antarctic and sub-Antarctic predatory seabirds, but they may suggest that scavenging seabirds are the main avian reservoirs and spreaders of this virus in the Southern Ocean. Further studies are necessary to determine the precise role of these species in the epidemiology of AIV.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: comparative epidemiology and histology

Despite the recent approval of several novel agents for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC), survival in this setting remains poor. As such, continued investigation into novel therapeutic options remains warranted. Pre clinical development of novel treatments requires an animal model that accurately simulates the disease in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dog as an animal model for human UC. A total of 260 cases of spontaneous, untreated canine primary urethral and urinary bladder UC, were epide¬miologically and histologically assessed and classified based on the current 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) tumor classification system. Canine data was compared with human data available from scientific literature. The mean age of dogs diagnosed with UC was 10.22 years (range, 4 15 years), which is equivalent to 60 70 human years. The results revealed a high association between UC diagnosis with the female sex [odds ratio (OR) 3.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57 4.79; P<0.001], surgical neutering (OR 4.57; 95% CI 1.87 11.12; P<0.001) and breed (OR 15.11 for Scottish terriers; 95% CI 8.99 25.41; P<0.001). Based on the 2016 WHO tumor (T), node and metastasis staging system, the primary tumors were characterized as T1 (38%), T2a (28%), T2b (13%) and T3 (22%). Non papillary, flat subgross tumor growth was strongly associated with muscle invasion (OR 31.00; P<0.001). Irrespective of subgross growth pattern, all assessable tumors were invading beyond the basement membrane compatible with infiltrating UC. Conventional, not further classifiable infiltrating UC was the most common type of tumor (90%), followed by UC with divergent, squamous and/or glandular differentiation (6%). Seven out of the 260 (2.8%) cases were classified as non urothelial based on their histological morphology. These cases included 5 (2%) squamous cell carci¬nomas, 1 (0.4%) adenocarcinoma and 1 (0.4%) neuroendocrine tumor. The 2 most striking common features of canine and human UC included high sex predilection and histological tumor appearance. The results support the suitability of the dog as an animal model for UC and confirm that dogs also spontaneously develop rare UC subtypes and bladder tumors, including plasmacytoid UC and neuroendocrine tumor, which are herein described for the first time in a non experimental animal species

Retrospective study on transmissible viral proventriculitis and chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in the UK

Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) is a recently described birnavirus, which has been proposed to be the cause of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP). The understanding of the epidemiology of both the virus and the disease is very limited. A retrospective investigation on TVP and CPNV in broiler chicken submissions from the UK from between 1994 and 2015 was performed with the aims of assessing the longitudinal temporal evolution of TVP and CPNV, and to review the histological proventricular lesions in the studied chickens. Ninety-nine of the 135 included submissions (73.3%) fulfilled the TVP-diagnostic criteria, while the remaining 36 submissions (26.7%) displayed only lymphocytic proventriculitis (LP). The first detection of CPNV by PCR dated from 2009. Results showed a rise in the number of both TVP and positive CPNV RT-PCR submissions from 2009 with a peak in 2013, suggesting that they may be an emerging or re-emerging disease and pathogen, respectively. Twenty-two out of the 99 submissions displaying TVP lesions (22%) and four out of the 36 (11%) submissions with LP gave positive CPNV RT-PCR results, further supporting the association between CPNV and TVP and confirming that CPNV is present in a low proportion of proventriculi that do not fulfil the TVP-diagnostic criteria. In addition, intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in 22 of the submissions with TVP. The vast majority of these cases (21 of 22, 96%) gave negative CPNV RT-PCR results, raising the question of whether a virus other than CPNV is responsible for some of these TVP-affected cases.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSTVP and CPNV have been present in British broilers since at least 1994 and 2009, respectively.TVP and CPNV seem to be an emerging and re-emerging disease and pathogen, respectively.CPNV was detected in proventriculi with both TVP and LP-lesions.Viruses other than CPNV may be responsible for some TVP-affected cases.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio