Development of burnout syndrome in non-university teachers: Influence of demand and resource variables

Psychosocial risks at work are an important occupational problem since they can have an impact on workers' health, productivity, absenteeism, and company profits. Among their consequences, burnout stands out for its prevalence and associated consequences. This problem is particularly noteworthy in the case of teachers. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of some psychosocial factors (demand and resource variables) and risks in burnout development, taking into consideration the levels of burnout according to the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI). This paper contributes to advancing knowledge on this issue by analyzing the influence of work characteristics and personal characteristics on the progress of burnout. The sample were 8235 non-university teachers (2268 men 27.5% and 5967 women 72.5%), aged 22 to 70 (M=45.16, SD= 9.18). For this purpose, statistical modeling by logistic regression was used. The results of this study showed that No burnout level was positively related with resources variables and negatively with demand variables. In the Medium-High levels and the higher levels of burnout (i.e., Profile 1 and Profile 2), there is a positive relation with demand variables and a negative one with resources variables. In conclusion, demand variables cause an increase in the burnout levels, influencing positively the movements between the levels of No burnout to Medium-High levels of burnout and Medium-High levels to Profile 1. At the same time, resource variables had a negative influence on it. However, the results in the movement between Profile 1 and Profile 2 weren't expected. The variable Imbalance had a negative relationship with the movement between Profile 1 to Profile 2, and Social support and Autonomy at work had a positive relationship with this movement. Therefore, when professionals feel higher levels of burnout, lack of imbalance together social support and autonomy could contribute to increased feelings of guilt and risk of higher burnout

Fiabilidad y validez de constructo de la traducción al valenciano/catalán del Cuestionario para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el trabajo (CESQT) en docentes no universitarios.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and construct validity of the Valencian/Catalonian version of the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI) in a sample of non-university teachers from the Valencia province (Spain). The sample consisted of 1359 teachers (67.2% were women). This instrument contains 20 items distributed into four dimensions: Enthusiasm toward the job (5 items), Psychological exhaustion (4 items), Indolence (6 items) and Guilt (5 items). The psychometric properties were examined through the following analyses: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha). All items achieved appropriate values for both statistical and psychometric parameters, just as the four scales did. The four-factor model consistent with the Spanish original obtained a good data model fit: AGFI =.926, NNFI = .919, CFI = .930, RMSEA = .053(.050-.057). The Cronbach's alpha value was acceptable for the four scales of the instrument. These results contribute to the psychometric validation of the questionnaire, allowing to conclude that the CESQT, in Valencian / Catalan, is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating the SQT in non-university teaching personnel

Validación psicométrica de la batería UNIPSICO en valenciano/catalán: análisis de las escalas que evalúan las variables psicosociales de demanda.

Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de demandas de la batería UNIPSICO del contexto de trabajo en valenciano/catalán. Método: La muestra la constituyen 2114 trabajadores de centros públicos de la Generalitat Valenciana, de la provincia de Valencia. La recogida de datos se realizó mediante las escalas de la batería UNIPSICO que evalúan factores psicosociales de demandas en el trabajo (33 ítems), que se agrupan en 6 escalas: Conflicto de rol (5 ítems), ambigüedad de rol (5 ítems), carga de trabajo (6 ítems), conflictos interpersonales (6 ítems), inequidad en los intercambios sociales (5 ítems), y conflicto trabajo-familia/familia-trabajo (6 ítems). Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y se calcularon los valores alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald para las escalas. Resultados: Todos los ítems presentaron valores estadísticos y psicométricos adecuados. El modelo de seis factores que reproduce la estructura original del cuestionario presentó un ajuste adecuado a los datos, con invarianza de sexo. El valor del alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald resultó aceptable para las seis escalas del instrumento. Conclusiones: Estos resultados contribuyen a la validación psicométrica del cuestionario, permitiendo concluir que las escalas de demandas de la batería UNIPSICO, en valenciano/catalán resulta un instrumento fiable y con consistencia interna para evaluar los riesgos psicosociales en personal que trabaja en la administración

Validación psicométrica de la batería UNIPSICO en valenciano/catalán: análisis de las escalas que evalúan las variables psicosociales de recursos

This study aims to analyse the psychometric properties of the resources scales of the UNIPSICO questionnaire for the Valencian/Catalan version. The sample was 1359 teachers from public centres in the province of Valencia. Data collection was carried out using the UNIPSICO questionnaire scales that evaluate psychosocial factors of resources at work (30 items), which are grouped into five scales: Resources (7 items), Social support at work (6 items), Feedback (8 items), Autonomy (5 items), and Transformational leadership (4 items). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed and Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega values were calculated for the scales. All items presented adequate statistical and psychometric values. The five-factor model that reproduces the original structure of the questionnaire presented an adequate fit to the data, and gender invariance. The Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega values were acceptable for the five scales of the instrument. These results contribute to the psychometric validation of the questionnaire and they permit the conclusion that the resources scales of the UNIPSICO questionnaire translated into the Valencian/Catalan language are a reliable and valid instrument to assess psychosocial risks in non-university teaching personnel.El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de recurso de la Batería UNIPSICO del contexto de trabajo en valenciano/catalán. La muestra estuvo formada por 1359 participantes, todos ellos docentes de centros públicos de la provincia de Valencia. La recogida de datos se realizó mediante las escalas de la Batería UNIPSICO que evalúan factores psicosociales de recurso en el trabajo (30 ítems) que se agrupan en 5 escalas: Disponibilidad de recursos (7 ítems), Apoyo social en el trabajo (6 ítems), Retroinformación o feed-back (8 ítems), Autonomía (5 ítems), y Liderazgo transformacional (4 ítems). Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y se calcularon los valores alfa de Cronbach para las escalas. Todos los ítems presentaron valores estadísticos y psicométricos adecuados. El modelo de cinco factores que reproduce la estructura original del cuestionario presentó un ajuste adecuado a los datos. El valor del alfa de Cronbach resultó aceptable para las cinco escalas del instrumento. Estos resultados contribuyen a la validación psicométrica transcultural del cuestionario, permitiendo concluir que las escalas de recurso de la batería UNIPSICO, en valenciano/catalán resulta un instrumento fiable y válido para evaluar los riesgos psicosociales en personal docente no universitario. Abstract The aim of this study is to analyse the psychometric properties of the resources scales of the UNIPSICO questionnaire for Valencian / Catalan version. The sample was 1,359 teachers from public centres in the province of Valencia. Data collection was carried out using the UNIPSICO questionnaire scales that evaluate psychosocial factors of resources at work (30 items) that are grouped into 5 scales: Resources (7 ítems), Social support at work (6 ítems), Feed-back (8 ítems), Autonomy (5 ítems), and Transformational leadership (4 ítems). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed and Cronbach's alpha values were calculated for the scales. All items presented adequate statistical and psychometric values. The five-factor model that reproduces the original structure of the questionnaire presented an adequate fit to the data. The Cronbach's alpha value was acceptable for the five scales of the instrument. These results contribute to the cross-cultural psychometric validation of the questionnaire and they enable to conclude that the resources scales of the UNIPSICO questionnaire translated to Valencian / Catalan language are a reliable and valid instrument to assess psychosocial risks in non-university teaching personnel

El papel de la culpa en la relación entre el síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo y la inclinación al absentismo de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria

Estudios anteriores han demostrado que los sentimientos de culpa parecen estar involucrados en el proceso del síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo (SQT). Sin embargo, la naturaleza exacta de la relación entre el SQT, culpa, y la inclinación al absentismo no es clara. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el papel de la culpa en la relación entre el SQT y la inclinación al absentismo. La muestra de este estudio transversal estuvo compuesta por 120 profesores españoles. Se ha testado un modelo de path análisis. El modelo hipotetizado mostró un ajuste de datos adecuado, incluyendo el papel mediador de la culpa en la relación entre el SQT y la inclinación al absentismo. Los resultados de este estudio recomiendan tomar en consideración la evaluación de la culpa como un síntoma del SQT con el fin de desarrollar un diagnóstico más fiable del síndrome y sus consecuencias

Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Spanish Burnout Inventory Among Professionals Across 17 Countries and Regions

Studies on the prevalence of burnout in professionals in service organizations who work in direct contact with the clients or users of the organization have concluded that burnout is a serious health disorder that has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant advantage of the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI) over other instruments is that it provides a broader conceptualization of burnout by including feelings of guilt as a dimension of burnout to explain its development. However, the measurement invariance of the SBI across countries has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to test the measurement invariance of the SBI among professionals across 17 countries and regions in Europe, Latin America, and Asia, and in different languages. All the countries showed a good fit to the four-factor model, except the Indian sample, which was excluded from the measurement invariance study. Using the alignment method, it was possible to verify the scalar measurement invariance of the four SBI factors across 15 countries and one Spanish region (16 samples). The comparison of estimated latent means indicates that France is the country with the lowest scores on the Enthusiasm factor and the highest scores on the negative factors (Exhaustion, Indolence, and Guilt). In contrast, the Andean countries, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador, show the highest latent means on the Enthusiasm factor and the lowest means on the negative factors. These results support the validity of the SBI in the countries and regions in Europe and Latin America included in this study

Fiabilidad y validez de constructo de la traducción al valenciano/catalán del Cuestionario para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el trabajo (CESQT) en docentes no universitarios

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and construct validity of the Valencian/Catalonian version of the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI) in a sample of non-university teachers from the Valencia province (Spain). The sample consisted of 1359 teachers (67.2% were women). This instrument contains 20 items distributed into four dimensions: Enthusiasm toward the job (5 items), Psychological exhaustion (4 items), Indolence (6 items) and Guilt (5 items). The psychometric properties were examined through the following analyses: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha). All items achieved appropriate values for both statistical and psychometric parameters, just as the four scales did. The four-factor model consistent with the Spanish original obtained a good data model fit: AGFI =.926, NNFI = .919, CFI = .930, RMSEA = .053(.050-.057). The Cronbach's alpha value was acceptable for the four scales of the instrument. These results contribute to the cross-cultural psychometric validation of the questionnaire, allowing to conclude that the CESQT, in Valencian / Catalan, is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating the SQT in non-university teaching personnel.Mediante este estudio se pretende determinar las propiedades psicométricas del «Cuestionario para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo» (CESQT) para su adaptación al valenciano/catalán en una muestra de personal docente no universitario de la provincia de Valencia (España). La muestra la formaron 1359 docentes (67.2% mujeres). El cuestionario consta de 20 ítems distribuido en cuatro escalas: Ilusión por el trabajo (5 ítems), Desgaste psíquico (4 ítems), Indolencia (6 ítems) y Culpa (5 ítems). Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y se calcularon los valores alfa de Cronbach para las escalas. Todos los ítems presentaron valores estadísticos y psicométricos adecuados. El modelo de cuatro factores que reproduce la estructura original del cuestionario presentó un ajuste adecuado a los datos. El valor del alfa de Cronbach resultó aceptable para las cuatro escalas del instrumento. Estos resultados contribuyen a la validación psicométrica transcultural del cuestionario, permitiendo concluir que el CESQT, en valenciano/catalán resulta un instrumento fiable y válido para evaluar el SQT en personal docente no universitario

Validación psicométrica de la batería UNIPSICO en valenciano/catalán: análisis de las escalas que evalúan las variables psicosociales de recursos.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de recursos de la batería UNIPSICO del contexto de trabajo en valenciano/catalán. La muestra estuvo formada por 1359 participantes, todos ellos docentes de centros públicos de la provincia de Valencia. La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo mediante las escalas de la batería UNIPSICO que evalúan factores psicosociales de recursos en el trabajo (30 ítems) que se agrupan en cinco escalas: 'Disponibilidad de recursos' (7 ítems), 'Apoyo social en el trabajo' (6 ítems), 'Retroinformación o feedback' (8 ítems), 'Autonomía' (5 ítems), y 'Liderazgo transformacional' (4 ítems). Se efectuó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y se calcularon los valores alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald para las escalas. Todos los ítems presentaron valores estadísticos y psicométricos adecuados. El modelo de cinco factores que reproduce la estructura original del cuestionario presentó un ajuste adecuado a los datos, con invarianza de género. Los valores alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald resultaron aceptables para las cinco escalas del instrumento. Estos resultados contribuyen a la validación psicométrica del cuestionario, y permiten concluir que las escalas de recursos de la batería UNIPSICO en valenciano/catalán constituyen un instrumento fiable y con consistencia interna para evaluar los riesgos psicosociales en personal docente no universitario

Brief Version of the Frankfurt Emotional Work Scale and Gender Difference in Emotional Labour

This study was designed to assess the psychometric properties of a brief version of the Frankfurt Emotion Work Scale (FEWS) adapted to Spanish in a sample of teachers, taking into consideration gender differences. Method: The sample consisted of 9020 teachers of public education in the Valencian Community (Mage = 45.33 years, SD = 9.15; 72.5% female). Results: The psychometric properties are adequate. It consists of 12 items grouped into six factors that explain 79.54% of the variance. Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients (CRC) for the full scale are adequate: α = 0.79; CRC = 0.90. Confirmatory Factorial Analyses also confirm the structure of the scale (χ2 = 890.36, S-B χ2 = 747.38, df = 39, NFI = 0.945, NNFI = 0.911, CFI = 0.947, IFI = 0.947, MFI = 0.925, and RMSEA = 0.069). Convergent and discriminant validity were also probed. Finally, a gender effect over Emotional labour was found, there was a difference between gender in the scale and all of the dimensions of the questionnaire, with higher values on women. Conclusions: according to the results of this study, the use of this diagnostic tool for Spanish non-university teachers appears to be justified

Brief Version of the Frankfurt Emotional Work Scale and Gender Difference in Emotional Labour

This study was designed to assess the psychometric properties of a brief version of the Frankfurt Emotion Work Scale (FEWS) adapted to Spanish in a sample of teachers, taking into consideration gender differences. Method: The sample consisted of 9020 teachers of public education in the Valencian Community (Mage = 45.33 years, SD = 9.15; 72.5% female). Results: The psychometric properties are adequate. It consists of 12 items grouped into six factors that explain 79.54% of the variance. Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients (CRC) for the full scale are adequate: α = 0.79; CRC = 0.90. Confirmatory Factorial Analyses also confirm the structure of the scale (χ2 = 890.36, S-B χ2 = 747.38, df = 39, NFI = 0.945, NNFI = 0.911, CFI = 0.947, IFI = 0.947, MFI = 0.925, and RMSEA = 0.069). Convergent and discriminant validity were also probed. Finally, a gender effect over Emotional labour was found, there was a difference between gender in the scale and all of the dimensions of the questionnaire, with higher values on women. Conclusions: according to the results of this study, the use of this diagnostic tool for Spanish non-university teachers appears to be justified