Estudio galénico de los medicamentos utilizados en España para el tratamiento del Glaucoma

La presión intraocular elevada es el principal factor de riesgo implicado en el desarrollo del glaucoma, segunda causa de ceguera irreversible a nivel mundial según la OMS. Este hecho hace que la principal diana farmacoterapéutica en el tratamiento de esta enfermedadsea la reducción de la PIO. Para ello, la estrategia farmacológica principal consiste en la administración de agentes hipotensores por diferentes vías de administración. En el presente trabajo se realiza una recopilación sobre las posibilidades existentes en el mercado español de los diferentes fármacos y especialidades farmacéuticas a disposición del profesional sanitario a la hora de abordar el tratamiento del glaucoma.Además, se han analizado las diferentes formulaciones de losmedicamentos recogidos en la Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, para extraer información práctica que pudiera ser aplicable al diseño y elaboración de unmedicamento de uso oftálmico para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Nos hemos centrado sobre todo en el apartado referente a los excipientes (vehículo, isotonizantes, viscosizantes, sistema tampón, conservantes, antioxidantes y solubilizantes),que van a determinar la estabilidad del principio activo formulado, tolerancia ocular y respuesta terapéutica. Los resultados obtenidos se presentan en formade tablas, que posteriormente han sido analizados para extraer conclusiones respecto a diferentes aspectos: tipo de forma farmacéutica, sistemas unidosis o multidosis, empleo o no de conservantes y viscosizantes, etc. Los resultados muestran que el medicamento tipo sería un colirio en solución con uno o dos principios activos, multidosis, con cloruro de benzalconio como conservante, NaCl como isotonizante, tampón fosfato, sin viscosizante específico y aceite de ricino polioxietilenado como solubilizante,si fuera necesarioUniversidad de Sevilla. Doble grado en Farmacia y Óptica y Optometrí

Discrete dislocation dynamics analysis of the effect of lattice orientation on void growth in single crystals

The micromechanisms of plastic deformation and void growth were analyzed using discrete dislocation dynamics in an isolated FCC single crystal deformed in-plane strain in the plane. Three different stress states (uniaxial tension, uniaxial deformation and biaxial deformation) were considered for crystals oriented in different directions and with a different number of active slip systems. It was found that strain hardening and void growth rates depended on lattice orientation in uniaxial tension because of anisotropic stress state. Crystal orientation did not influence, however, hardening and void growth when the crystals were loaded under uniaxial or biaxial deformation because the stress state was more homogeneous, although both (hardening and void growth rates) were much higher than under uniaxial tension. In addition, the number of active slip systems did not substantially modify the mechanical behavior and the void growth rate if plastic deformation along the available slip systems was compatible with overall crystal deformation prescribed by the boundary conditions. Otherwise, the incompatibility between plastic deformation and boundary conditions led to the development of large hydrostatic elastic stresses, which increased the strain hardening rate and reduced the void growth rate

Simulation of the deformation of polycrystalline nanostructured Ti by computational homogenization

Computational homogenization by means of the finite element analysis of a representative volume element of the microstructure is used to simulate the deformation of nanostructured Ti. The behavior of each grain is taken into account using a single crystal elasto-viscoplastic model which includes the microscopic mechanisms of plastic deformation by slip along basal, prismatic and pyramidal systems. Two different representations of the polycrystal were used. Each grain was modeled with one cubic finite element in the first one while many cubic elements were used to represent each grain in the second one, leading to a model which includes the effect of grain shape and size in a limited number of grains due to the computational cost. Both representations were used to simulate the tensile deformation of nanostructured Ti processed by ECAP-C as well as the drawing process of nanostructured Ti billets. It was found that the first representation based in one finite element per grain led to a stiffer response in tension and was not able to predict the texture evolution during drawing because the strain gradient within each grain could not be captured. On the contrary, the second representation of the polycrystal microstructure with many finite elements per grain was able to predict accurately the deformation of nanostructured Ti

Mediación en drogodependencias: reflexión práctica y ámbitos de aplicación

La mediación es una disciplina emergente que se está implantando gradualmente en todos los ámbitos de la sociedad. La mediación trabaja desde la gestión positiva del confl icto, acercándolo a las partes y haciéndolas responsables de sus propias decisiones. Para ello, se sirve de la ayuda de una fi gura neutral e imparcial que dirige el proceso para conseguir que las partes lleguen a un acuerdo satisfactorio y benefi cioso para ambas. Este procedimiento de solución de confl ictos está avalado a nivel estatal por la Ley 5/2012, de 6 de julio, de mediación en asuntos civiles y mercantiles. Sin embargo, por su estructura y fl exibilidad, la mediación es una herramienta que puede instaurarse en cualquier ámbito; incluido el de las drogodependencias. Con la ayuda de las directrices del Estado Sobre Drogas, las posibilidades de trabajo en esta área son inmensas pero aun están poco desarrolladas. Por eso, proponemos estrategias y líneas de actuación en el tratamiento integral de las drogodependencias desde la mediación familiar, la escolar, la comunitaria, la penal y la penitenciaria.Mediation is an emerging discipline which is gradually being implemented in every area of modern society. Mediation works through the positive management of confl ict, bringing it closer to the parties involved and making them responsible for their own decisions. To this end, mediation involves the neutral and impartial fi gure of the mediator who runs the process to ensure that the parties themselves fi nd the most satisfactory and benefi cial agreement for both of them. This confl ict-solving procedure is supported statewide by Law 5/2012, of July 6, on mediation in civil and commercial matters. Due to its structure and fl exibility, mediation is however a tool that can be useful in almost every area of life, including drug addiction. With the help of National Strategies on drugs, work possibilities within this area are immense but are, unfortunately, still poorly developed. This is the reason why we propose different strategies and action guidelines in the comprehensive treatment of drug addiction, from family mediation, school mediation, community mediation and punishment and prison mediation

Pericellular Innervation of Neurons Expressing Abnormally Hyperphosphorylated Tau in the Hippocampal Formation of Alzheimer's Disease Patients

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) represent one of the main neuropathological features in the cerebral cortex associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This neurofibrillary lesion involves the accumulation of abnormally hyperphosphorylated or abnormally phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau into paired helical filaments (PHF-tau) within neurons. We have used immunocytochemical techniques and confocal microscopy reconstructions to examine the distribution of PHF-tau-immunoreactive (ir) cells, and their perisomatic GABAergic and glutamatergic innervations in the hippocampal formation and adjacent cortex of AD patients. Furthermore, correlative light and electron microscopy was employed to examine these neurons and the perisomatic synapses. We observed two patterns of staining in PHF-tau-ir neurons, pattern I (without NFT) and pattern II (with NFT), the distribution of which varies according to the cortical layer and area. Furthermore, the distribution of both GABAergic and glutamatergic terminals around the soma and proximal processes of PHF-tau-ir neurons does not seem to be altered as it is indistinguishable from both control cases and from adjacent neurons that did not contain PHF-tau. At the electron microscope level, a normal looking neuropil with typical symmetric and asymmetric synapses was observed around PHF-tau-ir neurons. These observations suggest that the synaptic connectivity around the perisomatic region of these PHF-tau-ir neurons was apparently unaltered

Dislocation Dynamics in Non-conves Domains using Finite Elements with Embedded Discontinuities

The standard strategy developed by Van der Giessen and Needleman (1995 Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 3 689) to simulate dislocation dynamics in two-dimensional finite domains was modified to account for the effect of dislocations leaving the crystal through a free surface in the case of arbitrary non-convex domains. The new approach incorporates the displacement jumps across the slip segments of the dislocations that have exited the crystal within the finite element analysis carried out to compute the image stresses on the dislocations due to the finite boundaries. This is done in a simple computationally efficient way by embedding the discontinuities in the finite element solution, a strategy often used in the numerical simulation of crack propagation in solids. Two academic examples are presented to validate and demonstrate the extended model and its implementation within a finite element program is detailed in the appendix

Finite Deformation of Porous Elastomers: A Computational Micromechanics Approach

Finite Deformation of Porous Elastomers: A Computational Micromechanics Approac

Latent hardening size effect in small-scale plasticity

We aim at understanding the multislip behaviour of metals subject to irreversible deformations at small-scales. By focusing on the simple shear of a constrained single-crystal strip, we show that discrete Dislocation Dynamics (DD) simulations predict a strong latent hardening size effect, with smaller being stronger in the range [1.5 µm, 6 µm] for the strip height. We attempt to represent the DD pseudo-experimental results by developing a flow theory of Strain Gradient Crystal Plasticity (SGCP), involving both energetic and dissipative higher-order terms and, as a main novelty, a strain gradient extension of the conventional latent hardening. In order to discuss the capability of the SGCP theory proposed, we implement it into a Finite Element (FE) code and set its material parameters on the basis of the DD results. The SGCP FE code is specifically developed for the boundary value problem under study so that we can implement a fully implicit (Backward Euler) consistent algorithm. Special emphasis is placed on the discussion of the role of the material length scales involved in the SGCP model, from both the mechanical and numerical points of view