Influence of corners in excavations on damage assessment

This paper provides guidance on quantifying the extent of corner effects in excavations and their impact on damage assessment. The corner effects’ extent is of great importance in making early decisions during project planning and preliminary design, particularly in relation to stakeholder engagement and placement of instruments. By using empirical relations, one is able to provide an equation, validated against the literature and additional numerical models, for estimating the extent of corner effects for a particular excavation geometry. Furthermore, two more equations for quantifying the damage of excavations to adjacent structures are presented and validated against two case studies in the literature. The proposed equations are also useful in the context of early stages of project development. Finally, a simple study shows the different effects of corners in sections parallel and perpendicular to a retaining wall. This highlights that corner effects may actually induce additional damage due to the introduction of a movement gradient, as opposed to the common previous perception that assumed that they were always conservative as they reduced absolute movements

Earthquake response of a multiblock nuclear reactor graphite core: experimental model vs simulations

The complex dynamics of a quarter-scale model of a graphite nuclear reactor core, representative of the second generation of British advanced gas-cooled nuclear reactors, is investigated numerically and experimentally. Advanced gas-cooled nuclear reactor cores are polygonal, multilayer, arrays of graphite bricks, with each brick allowed to rock by design relative to each other in accordance with the boundary conditions. A 35 000 DOF, nonlinear finite element model of the core created by Atkins Nuclear, was analysed on a high performance computing facility at the University of Bristol, and a corresponding 8 t physical model, equipped with 3200 data acquisition channels, was built and tested on the University of Bristol 6-DOF shaking table. In this paper, the two models are subjected to a series of (1) synthetic earthquake and (2) idealised harmonic input motions. The experimental data are used to compare and verify the two models and explore the dynamics of the core. A kinematic model of the response is also developed based solely on geometric constraints. The results are presented in the form of response maps and graphs. Important conclusions are drawn as to the dynamics and earthquake response of such systems, which inform numerical model validation. It is found that contrary to the case of a small number of rocking blocks that exhibit highly complex response patterns, the behaviour of the model at hand is both smooth and repeatable. An analogy between the response of the core and that of dense granular matter exhibiting particle interlocking and dilatancy is highlighted

Analysis of stiffness and flexural strength of a reinforced concrete beam using an invented reinforcement system

In this study, we conducted experimental tests on two specimens of reinforced concrete beams using a three-point bending test to optimize the flexure and stiffness designs. The first specimen is a reinforced concrete beam with an ordinary reinforcement, and the second specimen has an invented reinforcement system that consists of an ordinary reinforcement in addition to three additional bracings using steel bars and steel plates. The results of the flexure test were collected and analyzed, and the flexural strength, the rate of damage during bending, and the stiffness were determined. Finite element modeling was applied for both specimens using the LSDYNA program, and the simulation results of the flexure test for the same outputs were determined. The results of the experimental tests showed that the flexural strength of the invented reinforcement system was significantly enhanced by 15.5% compared to the ordinary system. Moreover, the flexural cracks decreased to a significant extent, manifesting extremely small and narrow cracks in the flexure spread along the bottom face of the concrete. In addition, the maximum deflection for the invented reinforced concrete beam decreased to 1/3 compared to that of an ordinary reinforced concrete beam. The results were verified through numerical simulations, which demonstrated excellent similarities between the flexural failure and the stiffness of the beam. The invented reinforcement system exhibited a high capability in boosting the flexure design and stiffness