Synchronized and mixed outbreaks of coupled recurrent epidemics

Epidemic spreading has been studied for a long time and most of them are focused on the growing aspect of a single epidemic outbreak. Recently, we extended the study to the case of recurrent epidemics (Sci. Rep. 5, 16010 (2015)) but limited only to a single network. We here report from the real data of coupled regions or cities that the recurrent epidemics in two coupled networks are closely related to each other and can show either synchronized outbreak pattern where outbreaks occur simultaneously in both networks or mixed outbreak pattern where outbreaks occur in one network but do not in another one. To reveal the underlying mechanism, we present a two-layered network model of coupled recurrent epidemics to reproduce the synchronized and mixed outbreak patterns. We show that the synchronized outbreak pattern is preferred to be triggered in two coupled networks with the same average degree while the mixed outbreak pattern is likely to show for the case with different average degrees. Further, we show that the coupling between the two layers tends to suppress the mixed outbreak pattern but enhance the synchronized outbreak pattern. A theoretical analysis based on microscopic Markov-chain approach is presented to explain the numerical results. This finding opens a new window for studying the recurrent epidemics in multi-layered networks

Synchronized and mixed outbreaks of coupled recurrent epidemics

Epidemic spreading has been studied for a long time and most of them are focused on the growing aspect of a single epidemic outbreak. Recently, we extended the study to the case of recurrent epidemics (Sci. Rep. 5, 16010 (2015)) but limited only to a single network. We here report from the real data of coupled regions or cities that the recurrent epidemics in two coupled networks are closely related to each other and can show either synchronized outbreak pattern where outbreaks occur simultaneously in both networks or mixed outbreak pattern where outbreaks occur in one network but do not in another one. To reveal the underlying mechanism, we present a two-layered network model of coupled recurrent epidemics to reproduce the synchronized and mixed outbreak patterns. We show that the synchronized outbreak pattern is preferred to be triggered in two coupled networks with the same average degree while the mixed outbreak pattern is likely to show for the case with different average degrees. Further, we show that the coupling between the two layers tends to suppress the mixed outbreak pattern but enhance the synchronized outbreak pattern. A theoretical analysis based on microscopic Markov-chain approach is presented to explain the numerical results. This finding opens a new window for studying the recurrent epidemics in multi-layered networks

Inter-Cellular Variation in DNA Content of Entamoeba histolytica Originates from Temporal and Spatial Uncoupling of Cytokinesis from the Nuclear Cycle

Accumulation of multiple copies of the genome in a single nucleus and several nuclei in a single cell has previously been noted in Entamoeba histolytica, contributing to the genetic heterogeneity of this unicellular eukaryote. In this study, we demonstrate that this genetic heterogeneity is an inherent feature of the cell cycle of this organism. Chromosome segregation occurs on a variety of novel microtubular assemblies including multi-polar spindles. Cytokinesis in E. histolytica is completed by the mechanical severing of a thin cytoplasmic bridge, either independently or with the help of neighboring cells. Importantly, cytokinesis is uncoupled from the nuclear division cycle, both temporally and spatially, leading to the formation of unequal daughter cells. Sorting of euploid and polyploid cells showed that each of these sub-populations acquired heterogeneous DNA content upon further growth. Our study conclusively demonstrates that genetic heterogeneity originates from the unique mode of cell division events in this protist

Inappropriate expression of the translation elongation factor 1A disrupts genome stability and metabolism

The translation elongation factor eEF1A is one of the most abundant proteins found within cells and its role within protein synthesis is well documented. Levels of eEF1A are tightly controlled, with inappropriate expression linked to oncogenesis. However the mechanisms by which increased eEF1A expression alter cell behaviour are unknown. Our analyses in yeast suggest that elevation of eEF1A levels lead to stabilisation of the spindle pole body and changes in nuclear organisation. Elevation of eEF1A2 also leads to altered nuclear morphology in cultured human cells suggesting a conserved role in maintaining genome stability. Gene expression and metabolomic analyses reveal that the level of eEF1A is crucial for the maintenance of metabolism and amino acid levels in yeast, most likely via its role in the control of vacuole function. Increased eEF1A2 levels trigger lysosome biogenesis in cultured human cells, also suggesting a conserved role within metabolic control mechanisms. Together our data suggest that the control of eEF1A levels is important for the maintenance of a number of cell functions out-with translation, whose de-regulation may contribute to its oncogenic properties

Sech2\text{Sech}^{2} Sech 2 -type solitary waves and the stability analysis for the KdV–mKdV equation

Abstract In this article, we investigated the solitary wave solutions of the KdV–mKdV equation using Hirota’s bilinear method. Closed-form analytical single and multiple solitary wave solutions were obtained. Through qualitative methods and the analysis of solitary waveforms, we discovered that in addition to sech-type solitary waves, the system also contains $$\text{Sech}^{2}$$ Sech 2 -type solitary waves. By employing the trial functions method, we obtained a single $$\text{Sech}^{2}$$ Sech 2 -type solitary wave and verified its existence and stability using the split-Step Fourier Transform method. Furthermore, we use the collision of two $$\text{Sech}^{2}$$ Sech 2 -type single solitary waves to excite a stable $$\text{Sech}^{2}$$ Sech 2 -type double solitary wave. Similarly, we excite a stable triple solitary wave with three $$\text{Sech}^{2}$$ Sech 2 -type single solitary waves. This method can also be used to excite stable multiple solitary waves. It is shown that these solitary wave solutions enrich the dynamic behavior of the KdV–mKdV equation and provide methods for solving $$\text{Sech}^{2}$$ Sech 2 -type solitary waves, which hold significant theoretical value

Religious atmosphere and the cost of equity capital: Evidence from China

The cost of equity capital (ICC) is a crucial component of investment decisions and corporate performance evaluations. This study explores the effect of a region’s religious atmosphere on ICC and finds that ICC tends to be lower when stronger religious atmosphere is created. We further use the mediation effect method to clarify the specific channel through which religious atmosphere reduces ICC, and find that earnings quality, corporate investment efficiency and corporate social responsibility partially mediate the effect of religious atmosphere on ICC. Moreover, the relationship between religious atmosphere and ICC is more pronounced in firms with stronger external law environments and higher audit quality, indicating that formal institutions and religious tradition complement each other. Keywords: Religious atmosphere, Cost of equity capital, Complementary relationship, Mediation effec

Energy-Consumption-Based Comprehensive Evaluation of Urban Green Development—Cases of 27 Cities in the Integrated Central Area of the Yangtze River Delta, China

The evaluation of urban green development from the perspective of energy consumption is an important issue of regional sustainable development. This paper takes 27 cities in the central region of Yangtze River Delta of China as samples to construct its comprehensive evaluation index system. Based on the relevant data of the sample area from 2005 to 2017, the paper adopts the combination weighting model of translation correction and preference calculation, and comprehensively uses Moran's I index analysis method to explore the time series and spatial distribution pattern of green development in the sample area. The results show the following. (1) The influencing factors of green development in the study area show that the influence degree of three factors increases, and the influence degree of one factor decreases, and the weight gap gradually decreased, which demonstrated the concept of ecological priority balanced development. (2) Xuancheng, Taizhou and Nantong are in good condition. Secondly, Wuhu, Ma'anshan, the current situation and trend of energy consumption and urban development need to pay attention. Shanghai and Zhejiang Province are in good condition, while Anhui Province is low in energy utilization efficiency and needs to be improved. (3) The sample areas showed “high-high” or “low-low” agglomeration, and Moran's I index showed a downward trend. The coordination degree of sustainable development of urban agglomeration in this region was gradually improved and the energy consumption structure was constantly optimized. The conclusion of this paper can provide decision support for the sustainable development of eco-green integration in the Yangtze River Delta region. The problem of energy consumption and urban development is global and universal. Therefore, the research perspective and method of this paper are of important reference value