The Struggle for Legitimacy: South Africa’s Divided Labour Movement and International Labour Organisations, 1919–2019

Who could be considered a legitimate representative of South Africa’s working class, and even who constituted this class, was bitterly contested during the twentieth century. This chapter examines the struggles for international recognition by the rival constituents of South Africa’s labour movement, which was sharply divided along racial and ideological lines. Initially, the International Labour Organization and other similar bodies formed links with the white-dominated labour movement, which regarded itself as the legitimate representative of all workers in South Africa. This position was successfully contested by emerging black African trade unions who themselves, in the face of fierce repression, competed for financial support made available by various sections of the international labour movement

RESTRUCTURING SOUTH AFRICAN AGRICULTURE

Summary There is disagreement about whether agricultural reform is a priority for south Africa, the authors argue that apartheid policies, which discriminated against labour?intensive, especially small?scale farming, led to premature ‘deagriculturization’ in South Africa. The reversal of these policies, and the shift of state support from the large?scale, capital intensive ‘White’ farms to the suppressed and under?capitalized ‘Black’ smallholders could produce gains in both efficiency and equity. They also discuss some of the requirements for agricultural reform, including recognition of the advantages of small?scale and part?time farming; the redistribution of land rights to Blacks and the need to restructure South Africa's highly interventionist system of agricultural marketing and pricing. Resumé Un manque d'accord existe quant à la question de la priorité de la réforme agricole en Afrique du Sud. Les auteurs du présent article estiment que les politiques de l'aparthéïde, qui militaient contre l'agriculture à main?d'oeuvre intensive et surtout de faible envergure, ont mené à une “désagriculturisation” précoce en Afrique du Sud. Le renversement de ces politiques, et la réorientation de l'appui de l'état jadis réservé aux grandes fermes “blanches” de grande superficie et à capitalisation intense vers les petits exploitants “noirs” et faiblement capitalisés pourrait produire des gains au niveau non seulement de l'efficacité mais aussi, de l'équité. Les auteurs discutent également certaines des exigences qui accompagnent la réforme agricole, y compris la reconnaissance des avantages de l'agriculture de petite échelle ainsi que l'exploitation agricole à temps partiel; la redistribution des droits fonciers vers les Noirs; et le besoin de restructurer le système hautement interventionniste de marketing et de détermination des coûts qui existe en Afrique du Sud. Resumen ¿Debe ser una prioridad la reforma agraria en Sudáfrica? Las opiniones difieren. Los autores argumentan que las normas del apartheid, con su discriminación en contra de la labor intensiva, especialmente la agricultura en pequeña escala, llevaron a una ‘desagriculturización’ prematura en Sudáfrica. El cambio total en estas normas, y el desplazamiento de la ayuda estatal de las granjas ‘blancas’ intensivas en gran escala a las pequeñas y descapitalizadas granjas ‘negras’, pueden producir beneficios tanto en eficiencia como en justicia. Tambien se discuten en este artículo algunos de los requerimientos para la reforma agraria, incluyendo el reconocimiento de las ventajas de la agricultura a tiempo parcial en pequeña escala, la redistribución de los derechos a la tierra a los negros, y la necesidad de reestructurar el sistema altamente intervencionista para precios y comercialización de la agricultura

A new technique for measuring thermoregulatory behavior in the rat

A tracking procedure was used to investigate the ability of rats to regulate their ambient temperature. Rats were placed in a chamber with two levers; depressions of one lever controlled a cold-water flow (11°C) and the other controlled the flow of hot water (57 ± 1°C). If it alternated responses, the rat could regulate temperature within these two extremes. With training, this regulatory behavior resulted in a narrow environmental temperature range that approximated normal body temperature

Securitisation from Below: The Relationship between immigration and foreign policy in South Africa's Approach to the Zimbabwe Crisis

The political and economic debacle in Zimbabwe has led to a large-scale influx of Zimbabweans into neighbouring South Africa. This article argues that there is a complex and significant link between the domestic response to this immigration influx and South Africa’s foreign policy towards Zimbabwe. South Africa’s foreign and security policy elite preferred to use an immigration approach of benign neglect as a tool to promote its ‘quiet diplomacy’ approach towards the Zimbabwean regime, treating the influx as a ‘non-problem’. But increased xenophobic violence, vigilantism and protests in townships and informal settlements against Zimbabwean and other African immigrants, culminating in widespread riots across the country in 2008, contributed to a change not only in immigration policy but also in the mediation efforts towards the Zimbabwean parties. I argue that this foreign policy change was pushed by a process of ‘securitisation from below’, where the understanding of Zimbabwean immigrants as a security threat were promoted not by traditional security elites but by South Africa’s marginalised urban poor