Body Image Evaluation, Investment, and Affect: The Role of Ethnicity and Acculturation in College Females

Historically, the Hispanic population has been underrepresented in body image research. The small number of body image research studies including Hispanic women indicated White women have a higher level of body dissatisfaction. However, current body image research indicates White and Hispanic women indicate the same level of body dissatisfaction (Grabe & Hyde, 2006). This study examined body image in White and Hispanic women and examined the role of acculturation and within-group differences for body image in Hispanic women. To address limitations of and replicate previous studies, BMI, age, and education level were included as covariates. Furthermore, body image was viewed as a multi-dimensional concept. Following the proposal of Cash (1994a), body image was measured as three dimensions: evaluation, investment, and affect. Lastly, acculturation was measured as a bidimensional concept. A total of 465 participants, 360 White women and 105 Hispanic women, completed the Appearance Evaluation and Appearance Orientation subscales of The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) (Brown, et al.,1990), the Situational Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria (SIBID) (Cash, 1994b), the Bidimensional Acculturation Scale (BAS) (Marin & Gamba, 1996), and a demographic questionnaire. Results indicated White and Hispanic women experience the same level of body dissatisfaction and time invested in their appearance. However, White and Hispanic women do differ in their experience of negative emotions related to their appearance. The results did not differ when controlling for covariates. In addition, no differences were discovered when examining acculturation and within-group differences in Hispanic women which can be attributed to the lack of diversity within the sample of Hispanic participants. These results support current research findings indicating Hispanic women experience the same level of body image concerns as White women. Furthermore, this warrants increased awareness of the need for body image prevention and treatment in Hispanic women

Pregnancy outcomes and vaccine effectiveness during the period of omicron as the variant of concern, INTERCOVID-2022: a multinational, observational study.

BACKGROUND: In 2021, we showed an increased risk associated with COVID-19 in pregnancy. Since then, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has undergone genetic mutations. We aimed to examine the effects on maternal and perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 during pregnancy, and evaluate vaccine effectiveness, when omicron (B.1.1.529) was the variant of concern. METHODS: INTERCOVID-2022 is a large, prospective, observational study, involving 41 hospitals across 18 countries. Each woman with real-time PCR or rapid test, laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in pregnancy was compared with two unmatched women without a COVID-19 diagnosis who were recruited concomitantly and consecutively in pregnancy or at delivery. Mother and neonate dyads were followed until hospital discharge. Primary outcomes were maternal morbidity and mortality index (MMMI), severe neonatal morbidity index (SNMI), and severe perinatal morbidity and mortality index (SPMMI). Vaccine effectiveness was estimated, adjusted by maternal risk profile. FINDINGS: We enrolled 4618 pregnant women from Nov 27, 2021 (the day after WHO declared omicron a variant of concern), to June 30, 2022: 1545 (33%) women had a COVID-19 diagnosis (median gestation 36·7 weeks [IQR 29·0-38·9]) and 3073 (67%) women, with similar demographic characteristics, did not have a COVID-19 diagnosis. Overall, women with a diagnosis had an increased risk for MMMI (relative risk [RR] 1·16 [95% CI 1·03-1·31]) and SPMMI (RR 1·21 [95% CI 1·00-1·46]). Women with a diagnosis, compared with those without a diagnosis, also had increased risks of SNMI (RR 1·23 [95% CI 0·88-1·71]), although the lower bounds of the 95% CI crossed unity. Unvaccinated women with a COVID-19 diagnosis had a greater risk of MMMI (RR 1·36 [95% CI 1·12-1·65]). Severe COVID-19 symptoms in the total sample increased the risk of severe maternal complications (RR 2·51 [95% CI 1·84-3·43]), perinatal complications (RR 1·84 [95% CI 1·02-3·34]), and referral, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or death (RR 11·83 [95% CI 6·67-20·97]). Severe COVID-19 symptoms in unvaccinated women increased the risk of MMMI (RR 2·88 [95% CI 2·02-4·12]) and referral, ICU admission, or death (RR 20·82 [95% CI 10·44-41·54]). 2886 (63%) of 4618 total participants had at least a single dose of any vaccine, and 2476 (54%) of 4618 had either complete or booster doses. Vaccine effectiveness (all vaccines combined) for severe complications of COVID-19 for all women with a complete regimen was 48% (95% CI 22-65) and 76% (47-89) after a booster dose. For women with a COVID-19 diagnosis, vaccine effectiveness of all vaccines combined for women with a complete regimen was 74% (95% CI 48-87) and 91% (65-98) after a booster dose. INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 in pregnancy, during the first 6 months of omicron as the variant of concern, was associated with increased risk of severe maternal morbidity and mortality, especially among symptomatic and unvaccinated women. Women with complete or boosted vaccine doses had reduced risk for severe symptoms, complications, and death. Vaccination coverage among pregnant women remains a priority. FUNDING: None

A systematic review of non-invasive modalities used to identify women with anal incontinence symptoms after childbirth

© 2018, The International Urogynecological Association. Introduction and hypothesis: Anal incontinence following childbirth is prevalent and has a significant impact upon quality of life (QoL). Currently, there is no standard assessment for women after childbirth to identify these symptoms. This systematic review aimed to identify non-invasive modalities used to identify women with anal incontinence following childbirth and assess response and reporting rates of anal incontinence for these modalities. Methods: Ovid Medline, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Collaboration, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched for studies using non-invasive modalities published from January 1966 to May 2018 to identify women with anal incontinence following childbirth. Study data including type of modality, response rates and reported prevalence of anal incontinence were extracted and critically appraised. Results: One hundred and nine studies were included from 1602 screened articles. Three types of non-invasive modalities were identified: validated questionnaires/symptom scales (n = 36 studies using 15 different instruments), non-validated questionnaires (n = 50 studies) and patient interviews (n = 23 studies). Mean response rates were 92% up to 6 weeks after childbirth. Non-personalised assessment modalities (validated and non-validated questionnaires) were associated with reporting of higher rates of anal incontinence compared with patient interview at all periods of follow-up after childbirth, which was statistically significant between 6 weeks and 1 year after childbirth (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This systematic review confirms that questionnaires can be used effectively after childbirth to identify women with anal incontinence. Given the methodological limitations associated with non-validated questionnaires, assessing all women following childbirth for pelvic-floor symptomatology, including anal incontinence, using validated questionnaires should be considered

Oraḥot ḥayim [electronic resource]

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Toxicity of Ferro- and Ferricyanide Solutions to Fish, and Determination of the Cause of Mortality

The investigation of the causes of a fish kill in waters containing ferro- and ferricyanide at concentrations far under those generally accepted as non-lethal have shown these low concentrations to be lethal due to photo-decomposition and release of the cyanide ion. Experimental data place the toxic level of these compounds, under similar conditions of light intensity, at a concentration between 1 and 2 p.p.m. This level is assumed to vary slightly under natural conditions with latitude, period of the year, temperature, water turbulence, and interferences. Rapid development of toxicity has been demonstrated at a concentration of 2 p.p.m. of either potassium ferro- or ferricyanide

Nurses’ authority in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) in Israel- The disparity between policy and Practice

Background: Policy implementation is a fundamental aspect in management. This study examined gaps and barriers in the implementation process of governmental policy with respect to the division of responsibility and authority between physicians and nurses. In this study we aimed to examine the work processes and actual division of labor between physicians and nurses in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) and the disparities between them and the Israeli Ministry of Health policy (MOH) and to examine the attitudes of staff members towards the need for policy changeMethods: A cross-sectional study, conducted among physicians and nurses at 22 NICUs in Israel. 432 recruited (50% rate).Results: A disparity was found between policy and actual practice. Many of the tasks permitted to RNs by law or regulations are not actually performed by them.</p