Electromyographic Comparison of Internal and External Obliques Using a Modified Version of Kendall\u27s Strength Test Positions for Upper and Lower Abdominals

The purpose of this study was to examine the activity of the internal obliques (upper abdominals) versus the external obliques (lower abdominals) during a modified version of Kendall\u27s upper and lower abdominal strength tests using surface electromyography on adults. The study was not correlated to Kendall\u27s theory due to the necessity to have the internal oblique electrode placed on the anterior abdomen. Twenty-four women and sixteen men participated in the study. All subjects were taught two positions ( easy and hard ) for both abdominal tests and performed eight trials. A normalized ratio was generated by dividing one hard trial by the mean of three easy trials for each position. A t-test revealed no significant difference between the activity of the external and internal oblique muscles in the two modified tests. There were no direct conclusions made regarding Kendall\u27s abdominal tests. In conclusion, further research is needed with appropriate electrode placement on the lateral abdomen to examine muscle activity in KendalI\u27s test positions for the upper and lower abdominals

Table S2: Panel of microsatellite loci and primers

Panel of microsatellite loci and primers employed in this study

Microsatellite neighbour-joining phylogeny

Unrooted Neighbour-Joining tree based on DAS values between MLGs generated from 199 sylvatic Bolivian TcI clones

Mitochondrial maximum-likelihood phylogeny

Maximum-likelihood tree constructed from concatenated maxicircle sequences for 78 sylvatic Bolivian TcI clones and 24 additional TcI isolates from across the Americas

Concatenated maxicircle sequence alignment

Ten mitochondrial gene fragments sequenced and concatenated from 78 T. cruzi TcI biological clones

Principal coordinates analysis of sequence diversity between chronic Chagas Disease patient TcGP63I antigenic repertoires.

<p>Genetic distances are based on a weighted unifrac metric. Plot A shows diversity comparisons among Go-as asymptomatic (asympt) and symptomatic (sympt) clinical cases, as well as one acute case. Plot B shows Goias cases with symptoms categorised as acute, card (cardiopathy), card + mega (cardiopathy as well as megacolon and / or megaesophagous), mega (megacolon and / or megaesophagous) or asympt (asymptomatic). Plot C shows comparisons among Cochabamba clinical cases (not including congenital cases) classified as either asymptomatic (asympt) and symptomatic (sympt). The dashed circle on plot C indicates samples unambiguously defined as TcI at the ND5 locus. Pairs of sequential isolates from the same patient are labelled x and y respectively.</p

Samples provenance and symptoms.

<p>^a Samples from Goias congenital case</p><p>^x Samples from the same patient taken >12 months apart</p><p>^y Samples from the same patient taken < 6 months apart</p><p>^z Samples taken from the same patient >12 months apart</p><p>Samples provenance and symptoms.</p

Yang and Neilson estimates for positive selection within and among abundant 97% STs identified in this study.

<p>^a Numbers in brackets represent the number of 99% STs define within each cluster from which estimates were generated.</p><p>^b P values are give for Fisher’s exact tests for deviation from the neutral expectation of Ka/Ks = 0.</p><p>Yang and Neilson estimates for positive selection within and among abundant 97% STs identified in this study.</p

Bar plot showing sequence type identity and abundance defined at 97% similarity for the ND5 locus across all samples.

<p>A—Goias cohort chronic/intermediate cases; B—Cochabamba chronic/intermediate cases; C—Cochabamba congenital cases. Y axes show log transformed abundance (read counts). X axes show clustered bars for individual samples. Sequence type identities are given in the legend. Stars denote congenital pair from Goias. Labels x (6416 / 6452), y (6401 / 6536) and z (6379 / 6445) sample pairs from the same patient at different time points (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003458#pntd.0003458.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>).</p

Alpha diversity indices for TcGP63I amplicon diversity derived from pairs of congenital Chagas disease cases.

<p>Diversity indices were derived from STs defined at 99% sequence similarity. Bar plot and associated <i>x</i>-axis on the right hand side shows the Shannon diversity index calculated in Mothur [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003458#pntd.0003458.ref034" target="_blank">34</a>], with error bars defining upper and lower 95% confidence intervals.</p