The end and aim of law

The subject which is to be discussed in this thesis is the End and Aim of Law. In writing it, I have had two purposes in view, a greater one and a lesser. The greater one has been to give some account of the juristic theories which have prevailed in this country during the last four hundred years and to examine the influence of these theories upon the trend of legislation. The lesser one has been an examination, in more general perspective and in much less detail, of theories propounded throughout the ages as to what is the End and Aim of Law. I have given precedence to the latter inquiry as the wider one, and as also, to some extent, embracing the former. It will be convenient here to indicate the scope of both these inquiries

AN EXAMINATION OF EXERCISE-RELATED COGNITIONS AND THE IMPACT OF MENTAL IMAGERY INTERVENTIONS IN EXERCISE

The purpose of this dissertation was to test the effectiveness of mental imagery interventions for enhancing exercise-related cognitions during long-term exercise programs. In order to ensure the integrity of the imagery intervention, a secondary purpose of this dissertation was to test the dependent variables within the context of their respective theories to confirm their distinctive nature and therefore suitability as targets of an imagery intervention. To achieve these purposes, four studies were conducted using a multi-dimensional conceptualization of self-efficacy for exercise (Rodgers & Sullivan, 2001) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985) as theoretical frameworks. In Study 1 the multi-dimensional conceptualization of SE for exercise was examined in order to demonstrate the distinctive nature of task, coping, and scheduling SE in an exercise context. Study 2 examined the effectiveness of a mental imagery intervention within the context of SE theory. Specifically, Study 2 sought to determine if three types of SE could be differentially influenced using guided imagery interventions in an experimental design controlling for overt mastery experiences. Studies 3 and 4 employed self-determination theory as the framework for testing the effectiveness of an imagery intervention. The purpose of study 3 was to examine how different types of motivation contribute to various characteristics of exercise behaviour. Finally, Study 4 examined the effects o f a mental imagery intervention designed to enhance integrated regulation. The results of Study 1 revealed that scheduling SE was the strongest predictor of exercise frequency, duration and weekly METS for males and females. Coping SE added to the prediction of frequency and weekly METS for males and females, as well as iii duration and number of years of exercising for males only. Task SE added to the prediction of duration for males and females and was a unique predictor of number of years for females only. The findings revealed that task, coping, and scheduling SE for exercise can differentially predict various components o f regular exercise supporting the contention that the three types of SE are distinct. All three types of SE were determined to be important for both males and females however, the relative importance of each type might be gender specific. Study 2 demonstrated that targeting each type of SE through an imagery intervention has separable effects that are primarily restricted to the targeted SE type. Furthermore, the imagery intervention was successful in enhancing task, coping, and scheduling SE beyond the levels that occurred as a result of overt experience. The results of Study 2 provided support for the use of imagery interventions for influencing SE for exercise. The results of Study 3 supported previous research and demonstrated that integrated and identified regulations predicted exercise frequency for males and females. Integrated regulation was found to be the only predictor of exercise duration across both genders. Finally, introjected regulation predicted exercise intensity for females only. These findings suggested that exercise regulations that vary in their degree of internalization can differentially predict characteristics o f exercise behaviour. Study 4 provided additional support for the effectiveness of imagery interventions for enhancing exercise-related cognitions. Specifically, participants in the imagery group experienced greater changes in integration compared to control participants. IV Overall these four studies offer practical considerations and directions for future exercise imagery research. This dissertation demonstrates that imagery interventions can be employed to enhance exercise-related cognitions among female exercise initiates in a laboratory setting. Future research should examine whether or not imagery-induced changes in SE and motivation as conceptualized in SDT can translate into increases in exercise behaviour or physical activity

Methods for nanoparticle labeling of ricin and effect on toxicity

The unique optical properties associated with nanostructured materials that support the excitation of surface plasmons offer many new opportunities for the enhanced optical investigation of biological materials that pose a security threat. In particular, ricin is considered a significant bioterrorism risk due to its high toxicity combined with its ready availability as a byproduct in castor oil production. Therefore, the development of optical techniques capable of rapid on-site toxin detection with high molecular specificity and sensitivity continues to be of significant importance. Furthermore, understanding of the ricin cell entry and intracellular pathways remains poor due to a lack of suitable bioanalytical techniques. Initial work aimed at simultaneously tackling both these issues is described where different approaches for the nanoparticle labeling of ricin are investigated along with changes in ricin toxicity associated with the labeling process

A Qualitative Exploration of Collegiate Student-Athletes’ Constructions of Health

Collegiate student athletes are faced with unique challenges as they are often forced to negotiate between demanding social, athletic, and academic roles. These competing priorities can put student athletes at greater risk for experiencing physical and psychological health problems than their non-athlete peers. To better understand the underlying behaviours and lifestyle factors leading to these negative outcomes, we must consider how they think about health. The purpose of this study was to examine how student athletes conceptualize health in the Canadian context, and to examine how they formulate these understandings. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 actively-competing collegiate student athletes from nine varsity sports at two academic institutions, and data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Participants constructed health holistically, with particular emphasis on physical and mental domains over social well-being. The quality of one’s physical health was equated in many ways with athletic capacity, as was the quality of mental health to a lesser degree. Participants discussed a variety of sources from which they drew health ideas, but sport experiences were commonly cited as particularly significant and formative. Findings can inform future research into health conceptualizations of other university student populations, and may inform further inquiry into how health ideas manifest into behaviour. Recommendations are provided for collegiate sport administrators including placing heavier emphasis on mental health resources, and improving support while athletes are acclimating to the demanding lifestyle of varsity sport.  &nbsp

Bacterial meningitis pathogens identified in clinical samples using a SERS DNA detection assay

This communication reports the first demonstration of the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis bacterial DNA extracted from anonymous patient CSF samples and assesses the applicability of a previously developed SERS based DNA detection assay as a platform for the detection of multiple meningitis pathogens from clinical samples

Archaeological deposits, environmental impact and local soil formation at Marco Gonzalez, Belize.

The research focuses on the site of Marco Gonzalez on Ambergris Caye, Belize. The site is characterised by dark-coloured surface soils and broadleaf vegetation that stand in contrast to the caye’s sandy sediments and surrounding vegetation. Research has previously identified dark earths at the site, and increased soil nutrients and mass, in association with human activities. My research evaluates ancient human activities, with emphasis on waste outputs, to identify potential features that could affect environmental impact in the long-term. The research is a pilot project that examines different datasets and approaches for their value to the research aims. I present an archaeobotanical investigation (macro and phytolith) to investigate what this dataset can tell us about human-plant relationships and on-site activities. I also present the first application of life cycle assessment (LCA) at Marco Gonzalez. LCA is used to assess which waste materials and deposition periods had the greatest potential for environmental impact. The archaeobotanical results suggest a change in plant use over time that corresponds to the broad changes in occupation demonstrated by other evidence. Broadly, the assemblages contain a range of economic trees and maize in the Terminal Preclassic that diminish in the Early Classic. Wood charcoal dominates the Late Classic, aligning with the characterisation of this period as dominated by salt production. Plant remains are unfortunately poorly preserved for later periods. The LCA results suggest that the Early Classic and ash waste hold the highest impact potential in the categories investigated; excreta also contributes to eutrophication results. The outcome of this experimentation suggests that LCA holds potential value for investigating the impact of waste, but that it is best complemented with other approaches that consider additional factors such as social aspects or the interaction between ecosystem components

Second generation of AVTIS FMCW millimeter wave radars for mapping volcanic terrain

The second generation AVTIS ground-based millimeter wave instruments designed for monitoring topography of volcanic lava domes are solid state 94 GHz FMCW rastered, real beam radars operating at ranges of up to ~7 km with a range resolution of ~2.5 m. Operating ten times faster than the prototype with reduced power consumption suitable for battery powered portable use as well as installation at a telemetered site under solar power, we examine their performance as tools for monitoring topography over time and report on the operational statistics both as a radar sensor and as a means of generating digital elevation maps

Effect of alcohol addition on the movement of petroleum hydrocarbon fuels in soil

Groundwater contamination by fuel spills from aboveground and underground storage tanks has been of growing concern in recent years. This problem has been magnified by the addition of oxygenates, such as ethanol and methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) to fuels to reduce vehicular emissions to the atmosphere. These additives, although beneficial in reducing atmospheric pollution, may, however, increase groundwater contamination due to the co-solvency of petroleum hydrocarbons and by the provision of a preferential substrate for microbial utilisation. With the introduction of ethanol to diesel fuel imminent and the move away from MTBE use in many states of the USA, the environmental implications associated with ethanol additive fuels must be thoroughly investigated. Diesel fuel movement was followed in a 1-m soil column and the effect of ethanol addition to diesel fuel on this movement determined. The addition of 51% ethanol to diesel fuel was found to enhance the downward migration of the diesel fuel components, thus increasing the risk of groundwater contamination. A novel method using soil packcd HPLC columns allowed the influence of ethanol on individual aromatic hydrocarbon movement to be studied. The levels of ethanol addition investigated were at the current additive level (approx. 25%) for ethanol additive fuels in Brazil and values above (50%) and below (10%) this level. An aqueous ethanol concentration above 10% was required for any movement to occur. At 25% aqueous ethanol, the majority of hydrocarbons were mobilised and the retention behaviour of the soil column lessened. At 50% aqueous ethanol, all the hydrocarbons were found to move unimpeded through the columns. The retention behaviour of the soil was found to change significantly when both organic matter content and silt/clay content was reduced. Unexpectedly, sandy soil with low organic matter and low silt/clay was found to have a retentive behaviour similar to sandy subsoil with moderate silt/clay, but little organic matter. It was concluded that sand grains might have a more important role in the adsorption of petroleum hydrocarbons than first realised. This method has shown that soil packed HPLC columns can be used to provide a quick estimate of petroleum hydrocarbon, and possibly other organic contaminant, movement in a variety of different soil types