EFFECT OF LATERALLY MOVEABLE PEDALS (BIUS) ON KINEMATICS, PEDAL FORCES AND MUSCLE ACTWIN IN RECREATIONAL CYCLING

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a laterally moveable pedal on the kinematics, kinetics and muscle activity in recreational cycling compared to cycling with a standard pedal on an ergometer. Four healthy participants cycled at 100 W and 200 W at 80 rpm with a standard and the BIUS pedal. Kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation have been measured in both conditions. No differences were found regarding the joint angles and in the lateral movement of the pedal. Some differences were partly observed for the ground reaction forces and the muscle activation pattern. In the ergometer setting the BIUS pedal does not lead to kinematic changes of the cycling movement, but causes effects on pedal forces and muscle activation

DETECTION OF BIOMECHANICAL ADAPTATION IN TREADMILL RUNNING

This study aims to propose a procedure for the detection of adaptation to treadmill running regarding biomechanical variables. Male novices in treadmill running (n=12) participated in one session of treadmill running while 3D motion analysis was executed. Statistical and analytical analyses supplemented with optimization algorithms within the proposed approach were applied to 14 common biomechanical variables. Overall, a low number of adapting data set was found. Even though adaptation has possibly been overrated, these processes have to be considered if study outcome might be influenced. However, due to unsystematic occurrence of adaptation, familiarization to treadmill condition cannot be generalized within a test group

Inklusion für alle : Was bedeutet "alle" für das einzelne Kind?

Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Masterstudium „Primarstufenlehramt“ verfasst. Meine Fragestellung: „Was bedeutet Inklusion für alle und wie ist dies aktuell in den Schulen umsetzbar?“ Wie beeinflusst die inklusive Idee einer Schule die Entwicklung der Kinder und was bedarf es, um eine Schule für alle zu ermöglichen? In der Literatur gab zur Frage nach der Inklusion für jedes einzelne Kind keine verallgemeinerte Antwort, da um dies zu beantworten, immer der Einzelfall in Betracht gezogen werden muss. Die Autoren zeigen hingegen mögliche Richtungen auf, sowie positive und negative Aspekte der Entwicklung, der Kinder im Zuge des Inklusionsgedankens. Aufgrund dieser Erkenntnis hat sich meine Forschung, im empirischen Teil, auf die Aspekte einer funktionierenden inklusiven Schule, sowie deren Bedingungen und Auswirkungen auf die Kinder in den Schulen konkretisiert.The present work was written as part of the master’s degree thesis in “primary level teaching”. My question: “What does inclusion mean for everyone and how can this currently be implemented in schools?“ In the literature there was no generalized answer to the question of inclusion for each individual child, since in order to answer this, the individual case must always be considered. The authors, on the other hand, shows possible directions, as well as positive and negative aspects of the children's development in the course of the idea of inclusion. Based on this knowledge, my research has focused on the aspects of a working inclusive school, as well as their conditions and effects on the children in school

European Journal of Sport Science / Does enhanced footwear comfort affect oxygen consumption and running biomechanics?

Comfort as an essential parameter for running footwear is gaining importance in footwear research and development, and has also been proposed to decrease injury rate and improve metabolic demand in the paradigm of the comfort filter. The aims of this study were to determine differences in oxygen consumption and biomechanical variables associated with lower extremity injuries in response to running shoes of differing comfort. Fifteen male runners attended two testing sessions including an incremental lactate threshold test, a comfort assessment and treadmill running trials for the biomechanical and physiological measurements. Statistical analyses were performed on oxygen consumption, spatio-temporal variables including foot-ground angle and coupling angle variability of 12 couplings in five stride phases. No decrease in oxygen consumption was found in the most preferred shoe condition. Investigation of potential biomechanical contributors to changes in metabolic demands revealed differences in the stride rate between the most and least preferred condition. In coupling angle variability analyses, only one coupling (ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion to knee varus/valgus) yielded a significant difference between conditions in the phase including the touch down. Based on the findings of this study, previous suggestions regarding positive effects of enhanced footwear comfort during running cannot be supported neither on economy nor on injury prevention perspective. However, a prospective study of lower extremity injury combined with measurements of biomechanical and physiological variables seems to be required for a definite support or contradiction of the comfort filter.(VLID)460681

European Journal of Sport Science / Comfort assessment of running footwear : Does assessment type affect inter-session reliability?

Assessing comfort of running footwear reliably is challenging. The purpose of this study was to compare the intra-rater reliability between different assessment types, to calculate intra-individual reliability scores and to evaluate the effect of rater selection based on individual reliability scores on group level reliability. Three assessment types: ranking, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Likert Scale (LS) were provided twice in six separate sessions among 30 participants, who assessed comfort of five shoes after treadmill running. Spearman's rho provided an evaluation of inter-session relative reliability and typical error as a measure of absolute reliability for each assessment type. Ranking (r=0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.610.78) yielded the highest relative reliability for overall comfort, followed by VAS (r=0.67, 95% CI 0.560.75) and LS (r=0.63, 95% CI 0.520.72), with large-scale overlaps of CIs between assessment types. The same order of assessment types was found for the percentage of reliable raters (r0.7) with 60% in ranking scale, 47% in VAS and 37% in LS. Forming subgroups corresponding to the intra-individual reliability substantially increased group level reliabilities. Based on measures of relative reliability, an extreme reduction in resolution as provided by the ranking from pairwise comparisons seems to be a valuable tool in footwear comfort assessments if assessment time is of minor importance. No preference can be provided for the two investigated rating scales. Besides the assessment type, a selection of the best raters in additional reliability checks seems to be a prerequisite for further comfort-related studies.(VLID)342024

ESTIMATION OF GROUND REACTION FORCES FROM KINEMATICS IN SKI-JUMPING IMITATION JUMPS

The purpose of the study was to determine the accuracy and the precision of calculated forces based on inverse dynamics during imitation jumps by comparing the results with force plate data. Ten ski-jumpers performed four imitation jumps on a force plate. Additionally, the vertical ground reactions forces were calculated based on an inverse dynamics (ID) approach using kinematic data from a motion capture system. The average accuracy and precision was found to be 60 N and ± 20 N for the peak vertical force, respectively, and -0.3 cm and ±1.6 cm, respectively, for the average jump height. The mean values for jump height were, respectively. The ID approach is assessed to be feasible for the estimation of vertical ground reaction forces exclusively from kinematic data with sufficient accuracy and precision so it can be used for the development of a universal diagnostics tool for ski-jumping imitation jumps

Kinetic and kinematic differences between deadlifts and goodmornings

Background In order to improve training performance, as well as avoid overloading during prevention and rehabilitation exercises in patients, the aim of this study was to understand the biomechanical differences in the knee, hip and the back between the exercises “Goodmornings” (GMs) and “Deadlifts” (DLs). Methods The kinetics and kinematics of 13 subjects, performing GMs and DLs with an additional 25% (GMs), 25% and 50% (DLs) body weight (BW) on the barbell were analysed. Using the kinetic and kinematic data captured using a 3D motion analysis and force plates, an inverse approach with a quasi-static solution was used to calculate the sagittal moments and angles in the knee, hip and the trunk. The maximum moments and joint angles were statistically tested using ANOVA with a Bonferroni adjustment. Results The observed maximal flexion angle of the knee was 5.3 ± 6.7° for GMs and 107.8 ± 22.4° and 103.4 ± 22.6° for DLs with 25% and 50% BW respectively. Of the hip, the maximal flexion angle was 25% smaller during GMs compared to DLs. No difference in kinematics of the trunk between the two exercises was observed. For DLs, the resulting sagittal moment in the knee was an external flexion moment, whereas during GMs an external extension moment was present. Importantly, no larger sagittal knee joint moments were observed when using a heavier weight on the barbell during DLs, but higher sagittal moments were found at the hip and L4/L5. Compared to GMs, DLs produced a lower sagittal moment at the hip using 25% BW while generating the same sagittal moment at L4/L5. Conclusions The two exercises exhibited different motion patterns for the lower extremities but not for the trunk. To strengthen the hip while including a large range of motion, DLs using 50% BW should be chosen. Due to their ability to avoid knee flexion or a knee flexion moment, GMs should be preferentially chosen over DLs as ACL rupture prevention exercises. Here, in order to shift the hamstring to quadriceps ratio towards the hamstrings, GMs should be favoured ahead of DLs using 50% BW before DLs using 25% BW.ISSN:2052-184

Kinematics and kinetics of squats, drop jumps and imitation jumps of ski jumpers

Squats, drop jumps, and imitation jumps are commonly used training exercises in ski jumping to enhance maximum force, explosive force, and sport-specific skills. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinetics and kinematics of training exercises in ski jumping and to find objective parameters in training exercises that most correlate with the competition performance of ski jumpers. To this end, barbell squats, drop jumps, and imitation jumps were measured in a laboratory environment for 10 elite ski jumpers. Force and motion data were captured, and the influence of maximum vertical force, force difference, vertical take-off velocity, knee moments, knee joint power, and a knee valgus/varus index was evaluated and correlated with their season jump performance. The results indicate that, especially for the imitation jumps, a good correlation exists between the vertical take-off velocity and the personal jump performance on the hill (R = 0.718). Importantly, however, the more the athletes tended toward a valgus knee alignment during the measured movements, the worse their performance (R = 0.729 imitation jumps; R = 0.685 squats). Although an evaluation of the athletes' lower limb alignment during competitive jumping on the hill is still required, these preliminary data suggest that performance training should additionally concentrate on improving knee alignment to increase ski jumping performance