El magmatismo Choiyoi en el sudoeste de Gondwana: Su implicancia en la extinción en masa del Pérmico tardío - una revisión

The end of the Permian period is marked by global warming and the biggest known mass extinction on Earth. The crisis is commonly attributed to the formation of large igneous provinces because continental volcanic emissions have the potential to control atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and climate change. We propose that in southwestern Gondwana the long-term hothouse Permian environmental conditions were associated with the development of the Choiyoi magmatism. This large igneous province was developed between the Cisuralian and the early Triassic. It covers an area estimated at 1,680,000 km2 with an average thickness of 700 m, so that the volume of effusive and consanguineous rocks is estimated at 1,260,000 km3. Towards the western sector of the study region, a major overlap exists between the regional development of the Choiyoi magmatism and the Carboniferous sedimentary basins, which include paralic and continental deposits with intercalations of peat and coal beds. Commonly, these upper Palaeozoic deposits accumulated on a thick substrate composed of Cambro-Ordovician carbonates and Ordovician to Devonian terrigenous sedimentary rocks characterised by a large proportion of dark organic-rich shales and turbidite successions. While extensive volcanism released large masses of carbon dioxide into the Permian atmosphere, the heating of Palaeozoic organic-rich shales, peat and carbonates by ascending magma led to CO2 and CH4 gas generation in sufficient volumes to amplify the major climatic change. The analysis of the almost continuous record of Permian redbeds in the Paganzo basin, where the Choiyoi magmatism is not recorded, allowed us to recognize two main pulses of strong environmental desiccation, one at the Cisuralian and the second around the end-Permian. These two drastic climatic crisis are attributed to peaks of CO2 and CH4 outbursts to the atmosphere and related collateral effects, such as acid rain, impoverishment of soils and increase in forest-fire frequency. We propose that the combination of these multiple mechanisms triggered the decline of biodiversity in southwestern Gondwana and caused the end-Permian extinction of most of the Glossopteridales.El final del Pérmico está caracterizado por un proceso de calentamiento global que llevó a la mayor extinción en masa registrada en la Tierra. Esta crisis se atribuye comúnmente a la generación de grandes provincias ígneas en ámbito continental, cuyas emisiones volcánicas han controlado los niveles de CO2 en la atmósfera y el consecuente cambio climático. En este trabajo se propone que las condiciones fuertemente cálidas (hothouse) del Pérmico en el sudoeste de Gondwana estuvieron asociadas con el desarrollo del magmatismo Choiyoi. Esta provincia ígnea, que se desarrolló durante el lapso Cisuraliano-Triásico temprano, cubrió un área estimada en 1.680.000 km2 con un espesor medio de 700 m, de modo que los volúmenes de rocas efusivas y consanguíneas se estiman en alrededor de 1.260.000 km3. Hacia el sector occidental de la región de estudio, se registra una importante superposición entre las rocas pertenecientes al magmatismo Choiyoi y los sedimentos acumulados en las cuencas carboníferas, entre los que son comunes los depósitos parálicos y continentales con intercalaciones de capas de carbón. Asimismo, estos depósitos del Paleozoico superior se acumularon sobre un espeso sustrato de carbonatos cambro-ordovícicos y de sedimentitas terrígenas ordovícicas a devónicas en cuya constitución participan importantes espesores de lutitas y turbiditas ricas en materia orgánica. Mientras que el volcanismo emitió importantes volúmenes de dióxido de carbono a la atmósfera pérmica, el calentamiento de las lutitas organógenas, carbones y carbonatos paleozoicos por el magma en ascenso produjo la generación de CO2 y CH4 cuya expulsión a la atmósfera se considera de importancia como para amplificar el cambio climático. El análisis del registro prácticamente continuo de capas rojas pérmicas en la Cuenca de Paganzo, donde el magmatismo Choiyoi no está presente, permite reconocer dos pulsos de fuerte desecación ambiental, uno cisuraliano y otro a finales del Pérmico. Estas dos graves crisis climáticas son atribuidas a máximos de emisión de CO2 y CH4 a la atmósfera. El consecuente calentamiento y sus efectos colaterales, tales como lluvias ácidas, empobrecimiento de los suelos e incremento en la frecuencia de incendios forestales, fueron los responsables de la drástica declinación de la biodiversidad en el sudoeste de Gondwana y causaron la extinción de la mayor parte de la flora de Glossopteridales.Centro de Investigaciones GeológicasFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Sinclinal of rincón blanco section (northwest of la rioja, república argentina) carboniferous-permian boundary in northwest argentina

The finding of palynological associations in the Río del Peñón Formation (Late Carboniferous-Early Permian) is addressed. The fossiliferous section is located in the north of the Precordillera, more precisely at the Río Blanco place, situated to the west of the Jagüe town. The Río del Peñón Formation (1,270 m thick) is composed of three members, the lower (729 m thick) bears 21 fossilifeous levels, whereas both the middle (161 m thick) and upper members (161 m thick) contain only 2. The lower 16 fossiliferous levels contain palynological associations referred to the Raistrickia densaConvolutispora muriornata Biozone (DM, C Sub-biozone?). The rest of the palynological levels are here included in the Pakhapites fusus-Vittatina subsaccata Biozone (FS). Moreover, in this paper the stratigraphic relationship among the palynological associations, the megafloristic NBG Biozone and the marine invertebrates assemblages described by previous authors (Tivertonia jachalensis-Streptorhynchus inaequioenatus Biozone) are also identified. The palynological information here presented and previous radiometric ages reported not only by the underlying Punta del Agua Formation (287 and 295 Ma) but also by a riodacitic sill intercalated in the lowermost part of the Río del Peñón Formation (287,8±0,7 Ma) allow to assign the Río del Peñón Formation to the uppermost part of the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian. Moreover, the ages of the NBG and DM Biozones are constrained to the beginning of the Permian. Finally the Rincón Blanco section is proposed as a potential stratotype for DM and FS Biozones and thus of the Carboniferous-Permian boundary.Se da a conocer el hallazgo de asociaciones palinológicas en la Formación Río del Peñón, provenientes del paraje Rincón Blanco (Precordillera riojana, oeste de Jagüé). La Formación Río del Peñón (1270 m de espesor), está integrada por 3 miembros: el inferior (729 m de espesor) es portador de 21 horizontes con asociaciones palinológicas, el medio (161 m) contiene 2 y el superior también, 2. Los 16 horizontes inferiores, contienen asociaciones referidas a la Biozona Raistrickia densa-Convolutispora muriornata (DM, probablemente la Sub-biozona C), el resto de los niveles a la Biozona Pakhapites fusus-Vittatina subsaccata (FS). En el perfil de la secuencia también son ubicadas las otras biozonas identificadas en esta unidad, tanto las megaflorísticas (Biozona NBG), como las de invertebrados marinos (Asociaciones I, III y Biozona de Tivertonia jachalensisStreptorhynchus inaequiornatus). Teniendo en cuenta las edades radimétricas conocidas para la unidad infrayacente: Formación Punta del Agua (287 y 295 Ma) y para un dique riodacítico de la base de la Formación Río del Peñón (287,8±0,7 Ma), es posible referir esta unidad a la parte alta del Carbonífero Superior y al Pérmico Inferior, acotar las edades de las Biozonas NBG y DM (en especial Sub-biozona C) al inicio del Pérmico, y proponer la sección que aflora en Rincón Blanco, como un potencial estratotipo del límite entre las Biozonas DM y FS y, por lo tanto, del límite Carbonífero-Pérmico.Fil: Gutierrez, Pedro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; ArgentinaFil: Limarino, Carlos Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Systematics and evolution of Gomphrena (Amaranthaceae) with an emphasis on the species in Bolivia

Summary The dissertation investigates Gomphrena L. and allied genera with morphological and molecular data in order to test the phylogenetic relationships and to better understand the evolutionary history of this linage. An emphasis is on the actual Gomphrena clade and as well the diversity in Bolivia. Gomphrena (Gomphrenoideae) is the largest genus of the Amaranthaceae with an estimated number of 120 species. The areas of main diversity of this genus comprise South America with about two thirds of the species, Central and North America (about 15%), and Australia (about 20%). This genus largely grows in tropical climates. Some of the species are used as medicinal plants, and a few are cultivated as ornamental plants exhibiting attractive pigmentation in their tepals. The first chapter presents the state of knowledge and a general introduction into Gomphrena. It is important to note that previous molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that Gomphrena in the widely used circumscription of Schinz (1934) is a polyphyletic group. These past studies included only few species of Gomphrena and distinguished two main clades. The first clade includes the type species of the genus, G. globosa L., and certain Australian and American species, plus the allied genera Gossypianthus Hook., Lithophila Sw., and Philoxerus R.Br. (= Blutaparon Raf.) with not fully understood relationships. This group of Gomphrena s. str. is here called “Gomphrena clade” whereas the second group that includes G. elegans Mart., G. mandonii R.E.Fr. and others is part of a lineage called Pfaffia clade (not studied here). In addition, the first chapter presents the complex taxonomic history of Gomphrena. The second chapter focuses on the morphological characteristics of the Gomphrena clade. As a result 22 vegetative and floral morphological characters were defined with their respective states and assessed for 27 representative samples. The photosynthesis type (absence or presence of C 4 photosynthesis) was coded in the form of a single trait including morpho-anatomical characteristics. For chapter three a combined data set of chloroplast sequences (matK-trnK + trnL-F + rpl16) of the Gomphrena clade (including the allied segregate genera) and outgroups from Gomphrenoideae was analyzed with parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. The 22 morphological characters were optimized on the Bayesian Maximum clade credibility tree using Bayes Traits. The results show that most vegetative characters including the annual life form have evolved multiple times, whereas some floral character states were identified as synapomorphies. An important result reveals that many of the nine characters defined for the androecium, most of which were used historically for the pre- phylogenetic delimitation of Gomphrena and other genera, appear homoplastic. The presence of a fused stamen tube without stamen tube appendages (but with lateral filament appendages in some species) is confined to the Gomphrenoid clade (Gomphrena clade plus Froelichia, iv Xerosiphon, and the Pfaffia clade) whereas the Alternantheroid clade (here represented by Pedersenia) differs by the presence of stamen tube appendages. The important character is the difference between inner and outer tepals showing that all members of the newly found core C 4 Gomphrena clade have a difference in the size of the two inner tepals. To the contrary, all other species present five tepals of similar size. Another interesting result is the detection of pseudanthia, acting as a visual attractant for pollinators. The pseudanthial leaves are typical for a “Mostly Andean clade”. But pseudanthial leaves also were derived two more times independently in G. boliviana and allies and G. meyeniana and allied. The combined plastid tree also shows with high support that the species of Philoxerus, Lithophila and Gossypianthus are nested within the core C 4 Gomphrena clade. For this reason, it is proposed here to include the three genera into Gomphrena and a respective treatment is provided. The extended taxon sampling for matK-trnK (80 samples) and nrITS (82 samples) show that most of the major lineages are congruently resolved between plastid and nuclear data with one exception in the early branching G. mollis - rupestris clade (that is C3). It is sister to all C 4 species of Gomphrena in the nrITS tree whereas it appears as a second branch after the G. prostrata - Guilleminea clade in all plastid trees. Ancestral character state reconstruction shows that C 4 photosynthesis arose in the common ancestor of the Gomphrena clade plus Froelichia but reversed back to C 3 in the lineage of G. mollis and G. rupestris. The age of the crown group of the core C 4 Gomphrena clade plus Froelichia is inferred as 18 Ma (10.2-28.4, 95% HPD), which corresponds to the mid-Miocene climatic optimum (c. 18-16 Ma) when an increase in temperature and aridity and later drop in concentrations of CO 2 occurred. This result is also consistent with the emergence of C 4 photosynthesis in Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae. The core Gomphrena clade stands out by being a C 4 clade that diversified at least twice into high elevation Andean environments. Species such as G. fuscipellita (growing at elevations of 3600-4300 m) and G. meyeniana Walp. (3200-4700 m) constitute at the moment the highest populations of any herb C 4 . The mostly Andean clade diverged around 8 Ma (4.0-13.6, 95 % HPD) from lowland ancestors whereas the crown group has an age of just 4.3 Ma (1.8-10.3. 95% HPD). The majority of the species from the inter Andean dry valleys, Prepuna and Puna ecoregions in the extensively sampled matK-trnK and ITS trees are included in two major subclades of the “Mostly Andean clade”. The molecular time divergence estimate concurs with the maximum Andean mountain upheaval that occurred at 5 Ma, which created new habitats through the geomorphological and climatic modifications. The dry climates led to the recent and multiple evolution of annual species such as G. phaeotricha, G. pallida or G. umbellata. The sister of the Mostly Andean clade is the Australian clade., The results of this thesis (chapter 3) show with high support that the disjunctly distributed Australian species are closely related to the coastal species of Lithophila and Philoxerus. The latter is distributed on the Pacific coast of central America includes morphologically similar species that are endemics on the Galapagos islands. the same applies to Lithophila with one widely distributed Caribbean species and Galapagos endemics. The species of Lithophila and Philoxerus present adaptations to live in high concentrations of salt such as fleshy leaves, adventitious roots allowing vegetative reproduction from broken-off stems. The current distribution of Philoxerus vermicularis is restricted to the west coast of tropical Africa, and the species has not further extended into Africa, which decreases the possibilities for dispersal between Africa and Australia. The stem age of the clade comprising Lithophila, Philoxerus and the Australian Gomphrena spp. 10 Ma (5.7-16.9 95 % HPD). This confirms that the disjunction occurred recently so that Gondwanan vicariance is not possible a tectonic. It is therefore hypothesized that the dispersal to Australia involved long distance dispersal (LDD). Ancestors of Lithophila or Philoxerus -like plants came across the Pacific Ocean, perhaps even from Galapagos that acted as a stepping stone through marine currents such as the South Ecuatorial Current, which then leads over into the East Australian current and which were present since about 6 Ma. The chapter four provides a taxonomic treatment for the species of the core C 4 Gomphrena clade in Bolivia, including keys for identification detailed morphological descriptions and distribution maps. In the introductory part to this chapter dot distribution maps are presented, which are layed over by maps with environmental data in order to better standardize the habitat types of the species for the descriptions of their respective ecology. The results are based on extensive field and herbarium studies and now recognize 30 species of core Gomphrena in Bolivia, which is an increase in eight over the state of knowledge in the Catálogo de Plantas Vasculares de Bolivia that was published in 2014 with 22 species of core Gomphrena. These eight species represent discoveries new to science

Internal anatomy of an erg sequence from the aeolian-fluvial system of the De La Cuesta Formation (Paganzo Basin, northwestern Argentina)

Permian red beds of the De La Cuesta Formation in the Sierra de Narváez (Paganzo Basin, northwestern Argentina) are essentially composed of sandstones associated with mudstones and subordinate conglomerates. Facies distributions and stacking patterns indicate that these sediments resulted from the interaction between aeolian and ephemeral fluvial systems, and are represented by aeolian dune, dry aeolian interdune and aeolian sand sheet, mudflat, wet aeolian interdune, and fluvial deposits. The De La Cuesta Formation is characterised by aeolian (erg) sequences alternating with non-aeolian (terminal alluvial fan – mudflat) sequences. Each erg sequence is bounded at its base by a regionally extensive sand-drift surface and at the top by an extinction surface. A number of architectural elements, including aeolian dunes limited by interdunes, grouped crescentic aeolian dunes, longitudinal dunes, and draa with superimposed crescentic dunes are recognised in the erg sequences. The sand sea developed during phases of increasing aridity, whereas non-aeolian deposition might have occurred during more humid phases. Thus, the styles of aeolian-fluvial interaction are considered to result from cyclical climatic changes. Within the drier hemicycles, the rhythmic alternation between draa deposits and aeolian dune and interdune deposits indicates higher frequency cycles that could be attributed to subtle climatic oscillations and/ or changes in sand supply and availability. The development of the Permian sand sea in the inland Paganzo Basin seems to be related to the growth of a volcanic chain to the west. This topographic barrier separated the Paganzo Basin from the Chilean Basin, located along the western margin of Gondwana and characterised by shallow marine carbonate sedimentation. The correlation between the Permian erg and the shallow marine carbonates suggests a regional warming period during the Middle Permian in western Gondwana

Gomphrena (Amaranthaceae, Gomphrenoideae) diversified as a C4 lineage in the New World tropics with specializations in floral and inflorescence morphology, and an escape to Australia

The genus Gomphrena comprises about 120 species in the Americas and 35 in Australia. Previous research revealed that Gossypianthus, Lithophila and Philoxerus are closely related but the monophyly of Gomphrena remained unresolved. Our aim was to clarify phylogenetic relationships in Gomphrena and allies based on a thorough sampling of species and to reconstruct the evolution of morphological characters including C-4 photosynthesis, and to explore the disjunction of the Australian taxa. We generated datasets of plastid (matK-trnK, trnL-F, rpl16) and nrITS representing 45 taxa of Gomphrena plus relatives and analysed them with parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian methods. Ancestral states of phenotypic characters were reconstructed with BayesTraits. BEAST was employed for divergence time estimates using an extended Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae dataset to place fossil calibration points. Gossypianthus is closely related to a Gomphrena radiata-G. umbellata G. tomentosa Blade and G. meyeniana, whereas Lithophila and Philoxerus appear as successive sisters of the Australian species of Gomphrena. The majority of Andean species appears in a large Glade including annual and perennial species. The Cerrado species Gomphrena mollis and G. rupestris, which are C-3, constitute an early-branching lineage, whereas the core Gomphrena Glade is C-4 and has the inner two sepals strongly compressed as synapomorphy. A major subclade evolved inflorescences with subglobose paracladia in a whorl, supported by pseudanthial leaves. Whereas the core Gomphrena Glade started to diversify around 11.4 Ma (8.45-14.5 95% highest posterior density [HPD]) the Australian lineage split at only 4.8 Ma (2.61- 7.18 HPD). Our detailed phylogenetic analysis of Gomphrena depicts 10 major lineages including segregate genera. We hypothesize that an adaptation to costal habitats was followed by long-distance dispersal to Australia. We also propose a revised genus concept of Gomphrena including Gossypianthus, Lithophila and Philoxerus, considering that these small segregate genera were based on states of vegetative characters exhibiting adaptations to specific habitats rather than phylogeny and overall morphology

Glacial events in Carboniferous sequences from Paganzo and Río Blanco Basins (Northwest Argentina): Palynology and depositional setting

The age and depositional setting of two glacial events recognized in the western basins of Argentina are discussed in this paper. The older one corresponds to diamictites identified in the upper member of the Cortaderas Formation (Visean, Río Blanco Basin). The glacial sequence consists of shales, dropstone-bearing shales massive matrixrich diamictites, massive clast-rich diamictites, and stratified diamictites, all of them interpreted as deposited in distal glaciomarine settings. Palynological remains recovered from shales interstratified with diamictites were referred to the late Visean Reticulatisporites magnidictyus-Verrucosisporites quasigobbettii Biozone. Younger glacial deposits were studied at the base of the Guandacol Formation (Paganzo Basin) where are made up by clast-poor massive diamictites, clast-rich massive diamictites, stratified diamictites, thinly-bedded dropstonebearing diamictites, rhythmites, dropstone-bearing shales, and barren of dropstone shales. The whole sequence is interpreted as deposited in low-relief proximal glaciomarine environments (morainal banks). The abundant palynological assemblages found in the glacial interval were included in the subzone A of the Raistrickia densa-Convolutispora muriornata Biozone which is considered Serpukhovian-early Bashkirian in age. Palynological remains found in the Cortaderas Formation suggest that the beginning of the Glacial 2 event in Gondwana (according to Isbell's chronological proposal for glacial and interglacial stages) should be considered late Visean while the end, according to the assemblages recovered from the Guandacol Formation, was not younger than early Bashkirian. Moreover, sedimentological and stratigraphic data suggest the existence of a short interglacial period between the Cortaderas and Guandacol glacial events

Alluvial to lacustrine sedimentation in an endorheic basin during the Mio-Pliocene: The Toro Negro Formation, Central Andes of Argentina

A 2400 m-thick sedimentary column belonging to the Toro Negro Formation was recorded along the Quebrada del Yeso, Sierra de Los Colorados (Vinchina Basin), La Rioja province, NW Argentina. The Vinchina basin is a good example of a closed basin surrounded by the Precordillera fold and thrust belt to the west and basement-cored blocks to the north, south (Western Sierras Pampeanas) and east (Sierra de Famatina). Seven facies associations (FA) are described and interpreted to represent fluvial, lacustrine and alluvial environments developed in the southern part of the Vinchina basin from the Late Miocene until the earliest Pleistocene. The depositional evolution of the formation was divided in four phases. Phase I (∼7–6.6 Ma) represents sedimentation in medial (FA I) to distal (FA II) parts of a southward directed distributive fluvial system with a retrogradational pattern. During phase II (6.6–6.1Ma), the distributive fluvial system was replaced by a mixed clastic-evaporitic shallow lake (FA III) in a high aggradational basin. In phase III (∼6.1–5 Ma) the eastward progradation of a fluvial system (FA IV) was recorded as a distal clastic wedge. Finally, phase IV (∼5-2.4Ma) records two depositional cycles of proximal clastic wedge progradation of fluvial-dominated piedmonts (FAV, FAVII) from the southwest (Sierra de Umango) and/or the west (Precordillera) with an intervening playa lake (FA VI). Two new U-Pb ages obtained from zircons in volcanic ash layers confirm the Late Miocene age of the lower member of the Toro Negro Formation and permit a tight correlation with the central part of the basin (Quebrada de La Troya section). The sedimentation rate calculated for the dated lacustrine-fluvial interval is higher than the corresponding one in La Troya area suggesting a higher subsidence in the southern part of the basin. During the Late Miocene (∼7-6.6Ma) the ephemeral drainage was controlled by an arid to semiarid climate and initially dissipated mostly internally as terminal fan/distributive fluvial systems descending from the north. A thick lacustrine interval developed in the southern part of the basin between ∼6.6 and 6.1 Ma during a period of high subsidence and closed drainage. Besides, this interval coincides with increased aridity recorded in other basins in the Northwest of Argentina. By ∼6.1 Ma the area started to receive the first coarse-grained sediments heralding the progradation of a clastic wedge from the southwest-west (Sierra de Umango and Precordillera) which fully developed during the rest of the Pliocene to the earliest Pleistocene (∼5–2.4 Ma). The 6.1–2.4 Ma interval records ameliorating climate conditions.Fil: Ciccioli, Patricia Lucia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Marenssi, Sergio Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Amidon, William H.. Middlebury College; Estados UnidosFil: Limarino, Carlos Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Kylander Clark, Andrew. University of California; Estados Unido

Late Palaeozoic lithostratigraphy of the Andean Precordillera revisited (San Juan Province, Argentina)

New data on some neopalaeozoic lithostratigraphic units of the central sector of the Argentinean Precordillera are presented. The western Precordillera displays occasional outcrops of siliciclastic rocks of the Late Palaeozoic. These rocks are separated by two main unconformi­ties related to the development of the Chanic (Upper Devonian-early Carboniferous) and Gondwanan (late Carboniferous-early Permian) orogens. A major unconformity marks the beginning of the Andean cycle in middle Permian times. The Del Ratón Formation (800 m) in the studied area is made up of conglomerates and can be divided into two units. The basal part (Lower Member) was deposited in a fjord environment. The Upper Member was generated by an alluvial system that was mainly dominated by upper flow-regime plane beds, whereas its uppermost part accumulated in a fan delta setting. The clast provenance and the main palaeocurrents suggest the existence of a significant topographic high to the W and NW of the present outcrops. The El Planchón Formation (1400 m) is mainly composed of shales and sandstones as a result of sedimentation in a deep-sea fan environment. These lutite-dominated materials graded laterally north­wards into conglomerates in a glacial setting. The Del Ratón and El Planchón formations of the Lower Carboniferous correspond to the synorogenic Chanic sedimentation (Chanic foreland basin). Thereafter, the stratigraphic succession underwent deformation which led to its prolonged subaerial exposure and rubefaction. In Permian times, a marine transgression gave rise to the Del Salto Formation (600 m), which is constituted by beach deposits with some aeolian reworking and which lies unconformably over the Lower Carboniferous rocks. Conglomerates (Quebrada del Alumbre Formation, 100 m) produced by an alluvial system prograded episodically into coastal areas. The Escombrera Formation (350 m) is composed of beach deposits prograding seawards. This formation probably represents the end of the Palaeozoic sedimentary record. Thereafter, a playa-lake and an alluvial fan system were generated (Quebrada de la Arena Formation). This unit (750 m) was the last infill of the Gondwanan retroarc foreland, the total thickness of which was about 4000 m.Se presentan nuevos datos sobre las unidades neopaleozoicas aflorantes en la parte occidental de la Precordillera andina. Esas unidades litoestratigráficas estan separadas por dos discordancias angulares principales asociadas al desarrollo de las orogenias Chánica (Devónico tardío-Carbonífero temprano) y Gondwánica (Carbonífero tardío-Pérmico temprano) respectivamente. Otra nueva discordancia sugiere el inicio del ciclo andino durante el Pérmico medio. La Formación Del Ratón (800 m) está constituida principalmente por conglomerados y puede dividirse en dos unidades de rango menor: la parte basal y la parte superior respectivamente. La parte basal (Miembro inferior) fue acumulada en un fiordo. La parte superior (Miembro superior) fue generada en un sistema alluvial dominado predominantemente por la acumulación de capas planas de alto régimen de flujo, mientras que la parte más alta fue depositada en un entorno de abanico deltaico (fandelta). La procedencia de los clastos y las paleocorrientes principales indican la presencia de un relieve topográfico alto y significativo, situado al O y NO de los afloramientos actuales.La Formación El Planchón (1400 m) constituida principalmente por lutitas y areniscas fue acumulada en un contexto de abanico submarino (deep-sea fan). Estos materiales predominantemente lutíticos pasan lateralmente hacia el norte a conglomerados acumulados en un ambiente sedimentario glacial. Las Formaciones Del Ratón y El Planchón corresponden a la sedimentación sinorogénica Chánica (cuenca de antepaís chánica). Posteriormente, la sucesión estratigráfica sufrió una deformación que dió lugar a una prolongada exposición subaérea y su consiguiente rubefacción. Durante el Pérmico, una transgresión marina produjo la acumulación de la Formación Del Salto (600 m), que está constituída por depósitos de playa con algún retrabajamiento eólico y que recubre discordantemente los materiales del Carbonífero inferior. Un sistema aluvial conglomerático (Formación Quebrada del Alumbre 100 m) pogradó episódicamente sobre las zonas costeras. La Formación Escombrera (350 m), que está constituída por materiales arenosos coste-ros progradantes hacia el mar, representa, muy probablemente, el final del registro sedimentario paleozoico en esta zona. Posteriormente se generó otra discordancia sobre la que se acumularon materiales arenosos en un contexto de cursos fluviales trenzados sobre los que se disponen materiales lutíticos acumulados en una ciénaga (playa-lake) que gradan, primero a cursos trenzados, luego a cursos sinousos y finalmente a abanicos aluviales (Formación Quebrada de la Arena). Esta unidad (750 m) corresponde al último relleno sedimentario de la cuenca Gondwánica de retroarco, cuya potencia es del orden de unos 4000 m.Fil: Colombo, F.. Universidad de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Limarino, Carlos Oscar. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; ArgentinaFil: Spalletti, Luis Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; ArgentinaFil: Busquets, P. Universidad de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Cardo, R.. Secretaría de Industria y Minería. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Mendez Bedia, I. Universidad de Oviedo; EspañaFil: Heredia, N.. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España; Españ

Changes in the architecture of fluvial deposits in the Paganzo Basin (Upper Paleozoic of San Juan province) : an example of sea level and climatic controls on the development of coastal fluvial environments

Paganzo Group exposures (Tupe Formation) in the Huaco area provide an excellent opportunity for assessing the role of sea level and climatic changes on the morphology and nature of coastal fluvial systems deposited in areas of limited tectonic activity. The paleogeographic position of Huaco, close to a coastal region within the Paganzo Basin, allows identification of the effects of sea level change on fluvial architecture. Despite the fact that the Huaco area was dominated by coastal fluvial systems, three marine incursions flooded this part of the basin during the Namurian, Early Pennsylvanian and Late Pennsylvanian respectively. During deposition of the Paganzo Group, climatic conditions evolved from glacial (Namurian) to hot and dry (Late Cisuralian). Five types of fluvial deposits were recognized on the basis of architectural element analysis, lithofacies distribution and type of fluvial bounding surfaces present. Fluvial system 1 (FS1) constitutes the lower part of the Tupe Formation and consists of stacked multi-storey channel-fill complexes formed on large braided alluvial plains dominated by channel-avulsion processes. FS2 consists of multi-storey channels alternating with floodplain deposits including coal beds and organic-rich mudstones. This fluvial system is interpreted as the deposit of an anastomosed network of sandy channels. FS3 occurs between the Early Pennsylvanian and Late Pennsylvanian marine transgressions and consists of sandstones and some conglomerates that form stacked channel complexes. Sporadically, very fine-grained sandstone and mudstone floodplain deposits appear as thin intercalations. FS3 likely formed on braided alluvial plains with channels dominated by transversal bars. FS 4 corresponds to an anastomosed fluvial system that was dominated by two types of braided channel belts that were separated by narrow floodplains. Finally, FS5 is composed of fining-upward cycles ranging from gravely sandstones at the bottom of channels to muddy floodplain deposits at the top. The whole FS5 succession was deposited by high-sinuosity meandering rivers. Detailed stratigraphic analyses clearly suggest that both, sea level and climate changes were first-order controls on fluvial system configurations. In this way, braided systems belonging to FS1 correspond to a low-accommodation system tract. Whereas, coal beds of FS2, which resulted from high water-tables, correspond to a high accommodation system tract that was likely associated with advanced stages of the Late Pennsylvanian transgression. A significant change in the nature of fluvial deposits took place prior to the Late Pennsylvanian sea level rise when braided fluvial systems (FS3) with very scarce floodplain deposits prevailed. Towards the top of the Late Pennsylvanian transgressive deposits, a high relief fluvial incision surface was carved into the underlying marine deposits. This surface was later mantled by anastomosed rivers (FS4) corresponding to low-accommodation deposits formed in a lowstand or during the early stages of the ensuing sea level rise. In later phases of this transgression, high accommodation conditions prevailed and fluvial sedimentation was dominated by high-sinuosity rivers (FS5). These fluvial deposits are considered as an inland equivalent to the shallow-marine deposits exposed in the neighboring Agua Negra Formation located to the west

The Late Palaeozoic of Western Gondwana: New insights from South American records

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