Juror Decision-making within Intimate Partner Rape: Examining the relationship between Modern Rape Myth Beliefs, Legal Attitudes and Personality Traits upon Verdict Decisions.

For many, being judged by a group of legally untrained, lay individuals, determining guilt based on evidence heard at trial, is thought to make for fairer verdict outcomes. Whilst some prefer lay participation in the trial process, criticism continues to grow concerning the unpredictability of lay decisions in delivering justice. Naturally, where different jurors draw opposing conclusions despite having observed the same criminal trial, verdict decisions are likely impacted by more than testimony and trial evidence alone. In fact, low rates of conviction for rape allegations considered alongside several high-profile rape trials that resulted in acquittals, have led some legal scholars and social scientists to question how fair and reliable juries may be. The overarching objective of the current thesis was therefore to examine the relationship between mock juror characteristics and verdicts returned within the context of an intimate partner rape trial, a case type often overlooked in previous research. Specifically, to investigate the role of modern rape myth beliefs, varying legal attitudes, psychopathic personality traits and juror demographics upon individual determinations of guilt, within two separate methodologically robust mock trial experiments. In experiment one, 435 participants were opportunistically recruited and took part in an online mock trial experiment. Participants completed a series of cross-sectional questionnaires, before being exposed to a video-taped rape trial reconstruction where they were asked to decide upon the defendant’s guilt. In experiment two, 108 participants comprised within nine separate jury panels were opportunistically recruited to take part in in-person mock trial reconstructions. Participants again completed a series of questionnaires and were shown the same videotaped mock trial reconstruction from experiment one, before deliberating as a group to reach a collective verdict as well as indicating their individual verdict preference, both pre- and postdeliberation. Results of experiment one found that rape myth acceptance, social justice, ethnicity and educational attainment were significant predictors of verdict decisions. Results of experiment two found that rape myth acceptance and juror ethnicity were significant predictors of verdict decisions pre-deliberation. Rape myth acceptance, ethnicity, previous sexual victimisation and affective responsiveness were significant predictors of verdict decisions post-deliberation. These findings strongly support the assertion that within rape trials, juror decisions are directly related to the attitudes and psychological constructs jurors bring to trial. The evidence of such relationships between final verdict decisions and a juror’s psychological make-up has important implications for policy and practice including, the potential need for juror screening pre-trial within English rape trials

Credit bearing work-based learning: learning from other's practice

Work-based learning (WBL) in Higher Education (HE) encompasses a range of activities associated with employability and the workplace. This paper focuses on work-based learning in the context of learning for work, with campus-based learners gaining experience in the workplace, linked to formally accredited Higher Education programmes. In Engineering work-based learning typically involves industrial sandwich placements which may result in an additional award, such as a ‘diploma of industrial studies’, but rarely result in credit. In other disciplines such as Health and Medicine, however, there is a long tradition of awarding credit for work-based learning. This paper outlines the context and drivers for awarding credit for work based learning in Engineering and draws on literature, cross-discipline case studies and stakeholder perceptions to describe models of work-based learning and assessment practices appropriate to Engineering. It concludes by reflecting on the practical implications for academic institutions, staff, students and industrial supervisors involved

Juror characteristics on trial: Investigating how psychopathic traits, rape attitudes, victimization experiences, and juror demographics influence decision-making in an intimate partner rape trial

IntroductionTrial by jury is a longstanding legal tradition used in common law jurisdictions to try the most serious of criminal cases. Yet, despite hearing the same trial evidence, individual jurors often arrive at different verdict decisions, indicating that they may be impacted by more than the evidence presented at trial. This study therefore sought to investigate the role of jurors’ psychopathology, attitudinal, experiential, and demographic characteristics upon individual verdict decisions.MethodsAdopting an improved mock trial paradigm, 108 jury-eligible participants took part in one of nine identical 12-person mock trial simulations depicting a videotaped recreation of an intimate partner rape trial. Pre-trial, mock-jurors completed a psychosocial survey capturing their psychopathic personality traits (affective and cognitive responsiveness, interpersonal manipulation; egocentricity), rape myth beliefs, victimization experiences and demographics. Post-trial, jurors deliberated to reach a collective group decision and individual verdict decisions were recorded pre- and post-deliberation.ResultsBinary logistic regression analyses revealed rape myth beliefs and juror ethnicity were significantly related to verdict decisions both pre- and post-deliberation. Post-deliberation, decreased affective responsiveness (empathy) and experience of sexual victimization were also found to be significant predictors of guilty verdict selections.DiscussionThese findings indicate for the first time that within an intimate-partner rape trial, certain psychosocial traits, crime-specific attitudes, and experiences of sexual victimization appear to predispose juror judgments and decision-making even after group-deliberation. This study therefore has important implications for understanding how individual differences among jurors may impact rape trial verdict outcomes and the need for targeted juror reforms

Skin deep. Perceptions of human and material ageing and opportunities for design

In Western society there is an obsession, fuelled by pervasive advertising, with hiding the effects of ageing and maintaining skin that exudes ‘youthful perfection’. Rapid unsustainable purchasing and disposal of mass-produced objects is, in part, driven by ‘cosmetic obsolescence’ - changes to the pristine material surface which are perceived as damage and degradation. We consider the parallels between these attitudes to changes in material surfaces and human ageing, and propose that actively considering future material change in product design could increase product longevity with both environmental and social benefit

Intimate Partner Rape: A Review of Six Core Myths Surrounding Women’s Conduct and the Consequences of Intimate Partner Rape

The focus of this paper is to highlight and review the evidence surrounding common intimate partner rape (IPR) myths, their prevalence in society, and identify those who are most likely to endorse such beliefs. Six core IPR myths are discussed related to misconceptions surrounding (1) women’s decisions to remain in abusive relationships, (2) why women delay or never report IPR, (3) women’s perceived motivations when an IPR report is made, (4) a perceived lack of trauma that occurs as a consequence of this type of rape, (5) male sexual entitlement within intimate relationships, and (6) whether it is even possible to rape a marital partner. This article draws together a wealth of studies and research that evidence why such IPR myths are indeed factually inaccurate and examines how victims, justice professionals, police practitioners, and legal decision-makers endorsement of false beliefs pertaining to intimate partner rape serve to hinder various justice pathways. We discuss the consequences of rape mythology in so far as they create social barriers that prohibit the reporting of rape, impact the progression of an allegation through the criminal justice system and ultimately, obstruct rape victims’ access to justice. The review concludes by considering evidence regarding the possible benefits of education interventions in reducing the problematic influence of rape myths

Hospital corridors as lived spaces: The reconfiguration of social boundaries during the early stages of the Covid pandemic

This article explores the meanings and uses of a hospital corridor through 98 diary entries produced by the staff of an English specialist hospital during the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Drawing on Lefebvre's (1991, The production of space. Blackwell) threefold theorisation of space, corridors are seen as conceived, perceived and lived spaces, produced through and enabling the reconfiguration and reinterpretation of social interactions. The diaries depict two distinct versions of the central hospital corridor: its ‘normal’ operation prior to the pandemic when it was perceived as a social and symbolic space for collective sensemaking and the ‘COVID‐19 empty corridor’ described as a haunting place that divided hospital staff along ostensibly new social and moral boundaries that impacted negatively on lived work experiences and staff relationships. The mobilisation of the central hospital corridor in the daily social construction of meaning and experience during a period of organisational and societal crisis suggests that corridors should not be only seen as a material backdrop for work relationships but as social entities that come into being and are maintained and reproduced through the (lack of) performance of social relations

Stat3-mediated alterations in lysosomal membrane protein composition.

Lysosome function is essential in cellular homeostasis. In addition to its recycling role, the lysosome has recently been recognized as a cellular signaling hub. We have shown in mammary epithelial cells, both in vivo and in vitro, that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) modulates lysosome biogenesis and can promote the release of lysosomal proteases that culminates in cell death. To further investigate the impact of Stat3 on lysosomal function, we conducted a proteomic screen of changes in lysosomal membrane protein components induced by Stat3 using an iron nanoparticle enrichment strategy. Our results show that Stat3 activation not only elevates the levels of known membrane proteins but results in the appearance of unexpected factors, including cell surface proteins such as annexins and flotillins. These data suggest that Stat3 may coordinately regulate endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and lysosome biogenesis to drive lysosome-mediated cell death in mammary epithelial cells. The methodologies described in this study also provide significant improvements to current techniques used for the purification and analysis of the lysosomal proteome

The Relationship Between Mental Toughness, Job Loss, and Mental Health Issues During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Concerns toward public well-being and mental health are increasing considering the COVID-19 pandemic's global societal and individual impact. The present study builds on the current body of COVID-19 literature by examining the role of mental toughness (MT) in predicting negative affective states (depression, anxiety and stress) during the pandemic. The study also examined the effects of changes in employment on mental health and MT. Participants (N = 723) completed a battery of questionnaires including the Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48-item, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale – 21 items. Participants reported relatively higher levels of depression, stress and anxiety in comparison to pre-COVID-19 samples from previous research, with respondents who had lost their jobs during the pandemic reporting higher levels of negative affective states. Despite this, mentally tough individuals appeared to report lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Moreover, moderation analyses identified some interaction between MT and employment status when predicting depression, anxiety and stress. Our findings suggest that MT may have some utility in reducing the adverse mental health effects of the pandemic on individuals, however, further longitudinal research is needed to support these implications

Does a social prescribing ‘holistic’ link-worker for older people with complex, multi-morbidity improve well-being and frailty and reduce health and social care use and costs? A 12-month before and after evaluation

No embargo require