1,564 research outputs found
Global 3D radiation-hydrodynamics models of AGB stars. Effects of convection and radial pulsations on atmospheric structures
Context: Observations of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars with increasing
spatial resolution reveal new layers of complexity of atmospheric processes on
a variety of scales. Aim: To analyze the physical mechanisms that cause
asymmetries and surface structures in observed images, we use detailed 3D
dynamical simulations of AGB stars; these simulations self-consistently
describe convection and pulsations. Methods: We used the CO5BOLD
radiation-hydrodynamics code to produce an exploratory grid of global
"star-in-a-box" models of the outer convective envelope and the inner
atmosphere of AGB stars to study convection, pulsations, and shock waves and
their dependence on stellar and numerical parameters. Results: The model
dynamics are governed by the interaction of long-lasting giant convection
cells, short-lived surface granules, and strong, radial, fundamental-mode
pulsations. Radial pulsations and shorter wavelength, traveling, acoustic waves
induce shocks on various scales in the atmosphere. Convection, waves, and
shocks all contribute to the dynamical pressure and, thus, to an increase of
the stellar radius and to a levitation of material into layers where dust can
form. Consequently, the resulting relation of pulsation period and stellar
radius is shifted toward larger radii compared to that of non-linear 1D models.
The dependence of pulsation period on luminosity agrees well with observed
relations. The interaction of the pulsation mode with the non-stationary
convective flow causes occasional amplitude changes and phase shifts. The
regularity of the pulsations decreases with decreasing gravity as the relative
size of convection cells increases. The model stars do not have a well-defined
surface. Instead, the light is emitted from a very extended inhomogeneous
atmosphere with a complex dynamic pattern of high-contrast features
Dust-driven winds of AGB stars: The critical interplay of atmospheric shocks and luminosity variations
Winds of AGB stars are thought to be driven by a combination of
pulsation-induced shock waves and radiation pressure on dust. In dynamic
atmosphere and wind models, the stellar pulsation is often simulated by
prescribing a simple sinusoidal variation in velocity and luminosity at the
inner boundary of the model atmosphere. We experiment with different forms of
the luminosity variation in order to assess the effects on the wind velocity
and mass-loss rate, when progressing from the simple sinusoidal recipe towards
more realistic descriptions. Using state-of-the-art dynamical models of C-rich
AGB stars, a range of different asymmetric shapes of the luminosity variation
and a range of phase shifts of the luminosity variation relative to the radial
variation are tested. These tests are performed on two stellar atmosphere
models. The first model has dust condensation and, as a consequence, a stellar
wind is triggered, while the second model lacks both dust and wind. The first
model with dust and stellar wind is very sensitive to moderate changes in the
luminosity variation. There is a complex relationship between the luminosity
minimum, and dust condensation: changing the phase corresponding to minimum
luminosity can either increase or decrease mass-loss rate and wind velocity.
The luminosity maximum dominates the radiative pressure on the dust, which in
turn, is important for driving the wind. These effects of changed luminosity
variation are coupled with the dust formation. In contrast there is very little
change to the structure of the model without dust. Changing the luminosity
variation, both by introducing a phase shift and by modifying the shape,
influences wind velocity and the mass-loss rate. To improve wind models it
would probably be desirable to extract boundary conditions from 3D dynamical
interior models or stellar pulsation models.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Atmospheres and wind properties of non-spherical AGB stars
The wind-driving mechanism of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars is commonly
attributed to a two-step process: first, gas in the stellar atmosphere is
levitated by shockwaves caused by stellar pulsation, then accelerated outwards
by radiative pressure on newly formed dust, inducing a wind. Dynamical
modelling of such winds usually assumes a spherically symmetric star. We
explore the potential consequences of complex stellar surface structures, as
predicted by three-dimensional (3D) star-in-a-box modelling of M-type AGB
stars, on the resulting wind properties with the aim to improve the current
wind models. Two different modelling approaches are used; the COBOLD 3D
star-in-a-box code to simulate the convective, pulsating interior and lower
atmosphere of the star, and the DARWIN one-dimensional (1D) code to describe
the dynamical atmosphere where the wind is accelerated. The gas dynamics of the
inner atmosphere region at distances of , which both modelling
approaches simulate, are compared. Dynamical properties and luminosity
variations derived from COBOLD interior models are used as input for the
inner boundary in DARWIN wind models in order to emulate the effects of giant
convection cells and pulsation, and explore their influence on the dynamical
properties. The COBOLD models are inherently anisotropic, with non-uniform
shock fronts and varying luminosity amplitudes, in contrast to the spherically
symmetrical DARWIN wind models. DARWIN wind models with COBOLD-derived
inner boundary conditions produced wind velocities and mass-loss rates
comparable to the standard DARWIN models, however the winds show large density
variations on time-scales of 10-20 years.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in A&
Pulsation-induced atmospheric dynamics in M-type AGB stars. Effects on wind properties, photometric variations and near-IR CO line profiles
Wind-driving in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars is commonly attributed to
a two-step process. First, matter in the stellar atmosphere is levitated by
shock waves, induced by stellar pulsation, and second, this matter is
accelerated by radiation pressure on dust, resulting in a wind. In dynamical
atmosphere and wind models the effects of the stellar pulsation are often
simulated by a simplistic prescription at the inner boundary. We test a sample
of dynamical models for M-type AGB stars, for which we kept the stellar
parameters fixed to values characteristic of a typical Mira variable but varied
the inner boundary condition. The aim was to evaluate the effect on the
resulting atmosphere structure and wind properties. The results of the models
are compared to observed mass-loss rates and wind velocities, photometry, and
radial velocity curves, and to results from 1D radial pulsation models.
Dynamical atmosphere models are calculated, using the DARWIN code for different
combinations of photospheric velocities and luminosity variations. The inner
boundary is changed by introducing an offset between maximum expansion of the
stellar surface and the luminosity and/or by using an asymmetric shape for the
luminosity variation. Models that resulted in realistic wind velocities and
mass-loss rates, when compared to observations, also produced realistic
photometric variations. For the models to also reproduce the characteristic
radial velocity curve present in Mira stars (derived from CO
lines), an overall phase shift of 0.2 between the maxima of the luminosity and
radial variation had to be introduced. We find that a group of models with
different boundary conditions (29 models, including the model with standard
boundary conditions) results in realistic velocities and mass-loss rates, and
in photometric variations
Easier material management - at what cost? : Librarians meet IMMS
Intelligent Material Management System, IMMS, was developed in a collaboration between Lyngsoe Systems, a commercial company, and public libraries in Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark, with the aim to reduce the time staff spend on managing library materials. The aim of this article is to shed light on what IMMS means for the library practices and hence for the librarian profession. Two research questions will guide the analysis: How do librarians and IMMS interplay at the public library in Copenhagen, Denmark? How does the implementation of IMMS impact the library practices at the branch libraries in Copenhagen, Denmark? With the theoretical lens of practice theory, the article shows how new norms and rules as well as new tools and objects are implemented with IMMS. Librarians need to be able to work with the new objects and tools, the new norms and to create an inspiring library room for library users. Their relation to collection management is changed, and their ability to evaluate materials is not needed in the same way when it comes to selection of titles for the collection. This sometimes creates a tension between the librarian and the system, especially when the librarians’ role in the practice is to perform the decision-making by the algorithm, and not to use their skills to evaluate resources
A grammar of Palula
This grammar provides a grammatical description of Palula, an Indo-Aryan language of the Shina group. The language is spoken by about 10,000 people in the Chitral district in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. This is the first extensive description of the formerly little-documented Palula language, and is one of only a few in-depth studies available for languages in the extremely multilingual Hindukush-Karakoram region.
The grammar is based on original fieldwork data, collected over the course of about ten years, commencing in 1998. It is primarily in the form of recorded, mainly narrative, texts, but supplemented by targeted elicitation as well as notes of observed language use. All fieldwork was conducted in close collaboration with the Palula-speaking community, and a number of native speakers took active part in the process of data gathering, annotation and data management.
The main areas covered are phonology, morphology and syntax, illustrated with a large number of example items and utterances, but also a few selected lexical topics of some prominence have received a more detailed treatment as part of the morphosyntactic structure. Suggestions for further research that should be undertaken are given throughout the grammar.
The approach is theory-informed rather than theory-driven, but an underlying functional-typological framework is assumed. Diachronic development is taken into account, particularly in the area of morphology, and comparisons with other languages and references to areal phenomena are included insofar as they are motivated and available. The description also provides a brief introduction to the speaker community and their immediate environment
Outstanding Fields of Corn
Students will construct a diorama illustrating a selected geographic theme. Students will write a short informational paragraph relating to the theme. Students will include both elements of the past and present in their display. Students will give evidence of basic knowledge agriculture
A grammar of Palula
This grammar provides a grammatical description of Palula, an Indo-Aryan language of the Shina group. The language is spoken by about 10,000 people in the Chitral district in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. This is the first extensive description of the formerly little-documented Palula language, and is one of only a few in-depth studies available for languages in the extremely multilingual Hindukush-Karakoram region.
The grammar is based on original fieldwork data, collected over the course of about ten years, commencing in 1998. It is primarily in the form of recorded, mainly narrative, texts, but supplemented by targeted elicitation as well as notes of observed language use. All fieldwork was conducted in close collaboration with the Palula-speaking community, and a number of native speakers took active part in the process of data gathering, annotation and data management.
The main areas covered are phonology, morphology and syntax, illustrated with a large number of example items and utterances, but also a few selected lexical topics of some prominence have received a more detailed treatment as part of the morphosyntactic structure. Suggestions for further research that should be undertaken are given throughout the grammar.
The approach is theory-informed rather than theory-driven, but an underlying functional-typological framework is assumed. Diachronic development is taken into account, particularly in the area of morphology, and comparisons with other languages and references to areal phenomena are included insofar as they are motivated and available. The description also provides a brief introduction to the speaker community and their immediate environment
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