Групи з умовою мінімальності для неінваріантних розкладних абелевих підгруп

The infinite groups, in which there is no any infinite descending chain of non-invariant decomposable abelian subgroups (md-groups)are studied. Infinite groups with the minimal condition for non-invariant abelian subgroups, infinite groups with the condition of normality for all decomposable abelian subgroups and others belong to the class of md-groups. The complete description of infinite locally finite and locally soluble non-periodic md-groups is given, the connection of the class of md-groups with other classes of groups are investigated.Нескінченні групи, в якій не існує жоднго нескінченного спадного ланцюга неінваріантних розкладних абелевих підгруп (md-групи) вивчаються. Нескінченні групи з умовою мінімальності для неінваріантних абелевих підгруп, нескінчені групи з умовою нормальності для всіх розкладені абелевих підгруп та інші відносяться до класу md--груп. Повний опис нескінченних локально скінченних і локально розвязних неперіодичних md--груп, зв'язок класу md-груп з іншими класами груп досліджується

Table_3_Nematodes as Important Source for Omega-3 Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Soil Food Web and the Impact in Nutrition for Higher Trophic Levels.DOCX

<p>PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) content of food sources, in particular ω3 long-chain PUFA with three or more double bonds, are considered essential for growth, reproduction, and neural development of higher animals. Surprisingly, and in contrast to aquatic ecosystems, ω3 long-chain PUFA seem not widely available in terrestrial food webs. Far-reaching ideas indeed proclaim aquatic ecosystems as the principal source of these long-chain PUFA in the whole biosphere, including inhabitants of terrestrial ecosystems. Interestingly, de novo synthesis of ω3 long-chain PUFA, which requires the presence of Δ12 (fat-2) and ω3 (fat-1) desaturases absent in vertebrates, has been observed in nematodes, such as Caenorhabditis elegans. This raises the question if nematodes or other soil invertebrates present an important trophic link offering substantial supply in these valuable nutritional compounds in terrestrial food webs. This work followed the dietary routing of fatty acids of different C. elegans strains, including mutants defective in the PUFA biosynthesis, to two omnivorous Collembola species, Folsomia candida and Protaphorura fimata. The laboratory approach comprised microcosms offering binary links under various feeding conditions and analyzed growth, fecundity and dietary preference of consumers. Collembola did not prefer individual C. elegans strains as food source but they clearly reflected the PUFA-richness or -poorness of their nematode prey in their neutral lipid fraction. Moreover, Collembola did benefit from ω3 long-chain PUFA rich diet, as shown by significant weight gain and increased number of laid eggs. Interestingly, the comparatively high PUFA-content of Collembola's phospholipid fraction remained unchanged, even in response to almost PUFA-depleted nematode prey, suggesting that these Collembola species also possess the metabolic capability to de novo synthesize PUFA, including ω3 long-chain forms. These findings broaden the basis of long-chain PUFA sources in terrestrial food webs and question the impact of aquatic ecosystems as principal source.</p

Table_2_Nematodes as Important Source for Omega-3 Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Soil Food Web and the Impact in Nutrition for Higher Trophic Levels.DOCX

<p>PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) content of food sources, in particular ω3 long-chain PUFA with three or more double bonds, are considered essential for growth, reproduction, and neural development of higher animals. Surprisingly, and in contrast to aquatic ecosystems, ω3 long-chain PUFA seem not widely available in terrestrial food webs. Far-reaching ideas indeed proclaim aquatic ecosystems as the principal source of these long-chain PUFA in the whole biosphere, including inhabitants of terrestrial ecosystems. Interestingly, de novo synthesis of ω3 long-chain PUFA, which requires the presence of Δ12 (fat-2) and ω3 (fat-1) desaturases absent in vertebrates, has been observed in nematodes, such as Caenorhabditis elegans. This raises the question if nematodes or other soil invertebrates present an important trophic link offering substantial supply in these valuable nutritional compounds in terrestrial food webs. This work followed the dietary routing of fatty acids of different C. elegans strains, including mutants defective in the PUFA biosynthesis, to two omnivorous Collembola species, Folsomia candida and Protaphorura fimata. The laboratory approach comprised microcosms offering binary links under various feeding conditions and analyzed growth, fecundity and dietary preference of consumers. Collembola did not prefer individual C. elegans strains as food source but they clearly reflected the PUFA-richness or -poorness of their nematode prey in their neutral lipid fraction. Moreover, Collembola did benefit from ω3 long-chain PUFA rich diet, as shown by significant weight gain and increased number of laid eggs. Interestingly, the comparatively high PUFA-content of Collembola's phospholipid fraction remained unchanged, even in response to almost PUFA-depleted nematode prey, suggesting that these Collembola species also possess the metabolic capability to de novo synthesize PUFA, including ω3 long-chain forms. These findings broaden the basis of long-chain PUFA sources in terrestrial food webs and question the impact of aquatic ecosystems as principal source.</p

Table_6_Nematodes as Important Source for Omega-3 Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Soil Food Web and the Impact in Nutrition for Higher Trophic Levels.DOCX

<p>PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) content of food sources, in particular ω3 long-chain PUFA with three or more double bonds, are considered essential for growth, reproduction, and neural development of higher animals. Surprisingly, and in contrast to aquatic ecosystems, ω3 long-chain PUFA seem not widely available in terrestrial food webs. Far-reaching ideas indeed proclaim aquatic ecosystems as the principal source of these long-chain PUFA in the whole biosphere, including inhabitants of terrestrial ecosystems. Interestingly, de novo synthesis of ω3 long-chain PUFA, which requires the presence of Δ12 (fat-2) and ω3 (fat-1) desaturases absent in vertebrates, has been observed in nematodes, such as Caenorhabditis elegans. This raises the question if nematodes or other soil invertebrates present an important trophic link offering substantial supply in these valuable nutritional compounds in terrestrial food webs. This work followed the dietary routing of fatty acids of different C. elegans strains, including mutants defective in the PUFA biosynthesis, to two omnivorous Collembola species, Folsomia candida and Protaphorura fimata. The laboratory approach comprised microcosms offering binary links under various feeding conditions and analyzed growth, fecundity and dietary preference of consumers. Collembola did not prefer individual C. elegans strains as food source but they clearly reflected the PUFA-richness or -poorness of their nematode prey in their neutral lipid fraction. Moreover, Collembola did benefit from ω3 long-chain PUFA rich diet, as shown by significant weight gain and increased number of laid eggs. Interestingly, the comparatively high PUFA-content of Collembola's phospholipid fraction remained unchanged, even in response to almost PUFA-depleted nematode prey, suggesting that these Collembola species also possess the metabolic capability to de novo synthesize PUFA, including ω3 long-chain forms. These findings broaden the basis of long-chain PUFA sources in terrestrial food webs and question the impact of aquatic ecosystems as principal source.</p

Disentangling the root- and detritus-based food chain in the micro-food web of an arable soil by plant removal

<div><p>Soil food web structure and function is primarily determined by the major basal resources, which are living plant tissue, root exudates and dead organic matter. A field experiment was performed to disentangle the interlinkage of the root-and detritus-based soil food chains. An arable site was cropped either with maize, amended with maize shoot litter or remained bare soil, representing food webs depending on roots, aboveground litter and soil organic matter as predominant resource, respectively. The soil micro-food web, i.e. microorganisms and nematodes, was investigated in two successive years along a depth transect. The community composition of nematodes was used as model to determine the changes in the rhizosphere, detritusphere and bulk soil food web. In the first growing season the impact of treatments on the soil micro-food web was minor. In the second year plant-feeding nematodes increased under maize, whereas after harvest the Channel Index assigned promotion of the detritivore food chain, reflecting decomposition of root residues. The amendment with litter did not foster microorganisms, instead biomass of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as that of fungi declined in the rooted zone. Likely higher grazing pressure by nematodes reduced microbial standing crop as bacterial and fungal feeders increased. However, populations at higher trophic levels were not promoted, indicating limited flux of litter resources along the food chain. After two years of bare soil microbial biomass and nematode density remained stable, pointing to soil organic matter-based resources that allow bridging periods with deprivation. Nematode communities were dominated by opportunistic taxa that are competitive at moderate resource supply. In sum, removal of plants from the system had less severe effects than expected, suggesting considerable food web resilience to the disruption of both the root and detrital carbon channel, pointing to a legacy of organic matter resources in arable soils.</p></div

Occurrence of the bacterial-feeding taxa <i>Cephalobus</i>, <i>Eucephalobus</i>, <i>Acrobeloides</i> and <i>Alaimus</i> in soil cropped with maize (plant), amended with maize shoot litter (litter) or bare soil.

<p>Abundance (individuals 100 g^-1 dry weight soil ± SD) is given in topsoil (0–10 cm), rooted zone (40–40 cm), and root free zone (60–70 cm) in the years 2012 and 2013. Values within a sampling date with the same or no letters are not significantly different according to Tukey´s HSD test at <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p

Occurrence of the bacterial-feeding taxa <i>Cephalobus</i>, <i>Eucephalobus</i>, <i>Acrobeloides</i> and <i>Alaimus</i> in soil cropped with maize (plant), amended with maize shoot litter (litter) or bare soil.

<p>Abundance (individuals 100 g^-1 dry weight soil ± SD) is given in topsoil (0–10 cm), rooted zone (40–40 cm), and root free zone (60–70 cm) in the years 2012 and 2013. Values within a sampling date with the same or no letters are not significantly different according to Tukey´s HSD test at <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p

Nematode food web conditions (Community Indices ± SD) at plots cropped with maize (plant), amended with maize shoot litter (litter) or bare soil, in topsoil (0–10 cm), rooted zone (40–50 cm) and root free zone (60–70 cm) after two vegetation periods.

<p>Nematode food web conditions (Community Indices ± SD) at plots cropped with maize (plant), amended with maize shoot litter (litter) or bare soil, in topsoil (0–10 cm), rooted zone (40–50 cm) and root free zone (60–70 cm) after two vegetation periods.</p

Additional file 3: of Transcriptome analysis in oak uncovers a strong impact of endogenous rhythmic growth on the interaction with plant-parasitic nematodes

Title: Dry weight of plant tissues. Description: Table of the dry weight of plant tissues at different growth stages (Root and Shoot flushes) for the respective treatments: control, P. penetrans, P. croceum and co-inoculation of P. penetrans and P. croceum. ANOVA with *, ** and *** with P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 respectively. Data with the same or no letters are not significantly different according to Tukey HSD at P < 0.05. (DOCX 15 kb

Polygonum hastato-auriculatum Makino

原著和名: ホソバノウナギツカミ科名: タデ科 = Polygonaceae採集地: 三重県 北牟婁郡 海山町 船津 (紀伊 北牟婁郡 海山町 船津 )採集日: 1980/8/6採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH008360国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-95836