Ação moduladora da microbiota de portadores de síndrome de Down sobre bactérias cariogênicas

Carriers of Down Syndrome have low prevalence of tooth decay, despite the fact that they show precarious oral hygiene. This research was carried out with the intent of evaluating the possible action of strains that produce bacteriocins as regulators of the carrier of Down Syndrome cariogenic microbiota. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are the main acid producers in the oral cavity.Consequently, they were tested antagonistically with strains isolated from the individuals with Down Syndrome in order to verify if cariogenic bacteria were being inhibited by the by the carrier's strains. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were isolated with the utilization of agar saccharose bacitracin medium and identified through standard biochemical tests. Samples of carriers'supragingival plaques were collected, spread through dissemination in Agar Mitis Salivarius and after isolation were cultivated in BHI liquid medium.10 cultures from syndromics were seeded in the Muller Hinton medium. After the growth, the colonies in the Petri dishes were treated by chloroform. Then, one portion of the cariogenic bacterium cultures was mixed with soft brain-heart infusion medium and immediately transferred to the Petri dish with the test cultures. Two of the ten tested strains presented a zone of inhibition against Streptococcus mutans. The discovery of strains that produce antibacterial substances may be responsible for the low prevalence of tooth decay in individuals with Down Syndrome. These findings may help to understand the relationship between oral microbiota and pathological tooth decay.Os portadores da Síndrome de Down possuem baixa prevalência de cárie, apesar de apresentarem uma higiene oral deficiente. O estudo foi realizado para detectar cepas produtoras de bacteriocinas, com o intuito de avaliar a sua possível ação como moduladoras da microbiota cariogênica dos sindrômicos. Streptococcus mutans e Streptococcus sobrinus são os principais produtores de ácidos na cavidade oral. Em função disso, esses estreptococos foram testados antagonicamente com cepas isoladas dos indivíduos com Síndrome de Down, para que fosse avaliado se havia inibição das bactérias cariogênicas pelas cepas dos sindrômicos. Streptococcus mutans e Streptococcus sobrinus foram isolados utilizando o meio ágar sacarose bacitracina e identificados através de provas bioquímicas. Uma amostra de placa supragengival dos sindrômicos foi coletada e semeada por disseminação em Ágar Mitis-Salivarius, após o isolamento foram cultivados em caldo BHI. Dez culturas dos sindrômicos foram semeadas no Ágar Muller Hinton. Após o crescimento, as placas foram tratadas com clorofórmio. Sucessivamente, uma porção das culturas de bactérias cariogênicas foi transferida para meio semi-sólido BHI e vertidas nas placas com as culturas testes. Duas das dez cepas testadas apresentaram halo de inibição de crescimento contra cepas de Streptococcus mutans. A descoberta de cepas que produzem substâncias antimicrobianas pode ser responsável pela baixa prevalência de cárie em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down. Esse achado pode ajudar a entender a relação entre microbiota oral e patologia da cárie dentária

Casos de dengue em Fortaleza: um estudo epidemiológico documental/ Dengue cases in Fortaleza: a documentary epidemiological study

A dengue é uma doença febril aguda sistêmica de origem viral, transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti, o qual está presente em todas as regiões do Brasil, e o estado do Ceará apresentou períodos endêmicos e epidêmicos ao longo dos anos. Teve-se como objetivo verificar os casos de dengue confirmados no município de Fortaleza-Ceará. Estudo epidemiológico, documental, de natureza quantitativa dos casos de dengue confirmados em Fortaleza, no período de 2014 a 2017. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do Sistema de Monitoramento Diário de Agravos (SIMDA), organizados em tabelas e gráficos no programa Excel. A capital do estado, Fortaleza, é a responsável pelo maior número de casos. Os resultados mostraram que no período do estudo Fortaleza apresentou um total de (67.357) casos de dengue confirmados, sendo o ano de 2015 o responsável pelo maior quantitativo com 26.816 casos, seguido do ano de 2016 (21.853), 2017 (13.561) e 2014 (5.127). No período do estudo, a Secretária Regional VI teve o maior número de casos confirmados (22.185). O mês que mais se destacou foi maio com uma média anual de 4.772 casos. A faixa etária mais acometida foi de 19 a 59 anos (43.041). O estabelecimento de saúde com o maior número de casos foram as Unidades de Pronto Atendimento com (37.017). Torna-se evidente que Fortaleza apresentou um número elevado de casos confirmados de dengue ao longo dos anos, sendo necessário a construção de ações eficazes de combate ao vetor da doença.

In vitro activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil on growth and ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus carbonarius isolates

Aspergillus carbonarius is a saprobic filamentous fungus, food spoiling fungus and a producer of ochratoxin A (OTA) mycotoxin. In this study, the in vitro antifungal activity of neem oil (0.12% p/p of azadirachtin) was evaluated against the growth of six strains of A. carbonarius and the production of OTA. Four different concentrations of neem oil were tested in addition to three incubation times. Only the concentration of 0.3% of neem oil inhibited more than 95% of the strain’s growth (97.6% ± 0.5%), while the use of 0.5% and 1.0% of neem oil showed lower antifungal activity, 40.2% ± 3.1 and 64.7% ± 1.1, respectively. There was a complete inhibition of OTA production with 0.1% and 0.3% neem oil in the four strains isolated in the laboratory from grapes. The present study shows that neem essential oil can be further evaluated as an auxiliary method for the reduction of mycelial growth and OTA production.Fil: Rodrigues, Mariana Paiva. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Astoreca, Andrea Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales; ArgentinaFil: De Oliveira, Águida Aparecida. Universidad Federal Rural de Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Salvato, Lauranne Alves. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Biscoto, Gabriela Lago. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Keller, Luiz Antonio Moura. Universidade Federal Fluminense; BrasilFil: Rosa, Carlos Alberto da Rocha. Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biología; BrasilFil: Cavaglieri, Lilia Reneé. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Quimica. Area Fisicoquimica Organica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: De Azevedo, Maria Isabel. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Keller, Kelly Moura. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasi

Mortality inequalities measured by socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a scoping review

OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis

Differentials in death count records by databases in Brazil in 2010

OBJECTIVE To compare the death counts from three sources of information on mortality available in Brazil in 2010, the Mortality Information System (SIM - Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade ), Civil Registration Statistic System (RC - Sistema de Estatísticas de Resgistro Civil ), and the 2010 Demographic Census at various geographical levels, and to confirm the association between municipal socioeconomic characteristics and the source which showed the highest death count. METHODS This is a descriptive and comparative study of raw data on deaths in the SIM, RC and 2010 Census databases, the latter held in Brazilian states and municipalities between August 2009 and July 2010. The percentage of municipalities was confirmed by the database showing the highest death count. The association between the source of the highest death count and socioeconomic indicators - the Índice de Privação Brasileiro (IBP – Brazilian Deprivation Index) and Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IHDM – Municipal Human Development Index) - was performed by bivariate choropleth and Moran Local Index of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster maps. RESULTS Confirmed that the SIM is the database with the highest number of deaths counted for all Brazilian macroregions, except the North, in which the highest coverage was from the 2010 Census. Based on the indicators proposed, in general, the Census showed a higher coverage of deaths than the SIM and the RC in the most deprived (highest IBP values) and less developed municipalities (lowest IDHM values) in the country. CONCLUSION The results highlight regional inequalities in how the databases chosen for this study cover death records, and the importance of maintaining the issue of mortality on the basic census questionnaire

In Vitro Activity of Neem (<i>Azadirachta indica</i>) Oil on Growth and Ochratoxin A Production by <i>Aspergillus carbonarius</i> Isolates

Aspergillus carbonarius is a saprobic filamentous fungus, food spoiling fungus and a producer of ochratoxin A (OTA) mycotoxin. In this study, the in vitro antifungal activity of neem oil (0.12% p/p of azadirachtin) was evaluated against the growth of six strains of A. carbonarius and the production of OTA. Four different concentrations of neem oil were tested in addition to three incubation times. Only the concentration of 0.3% of neem oil inhibited more than 95% of the strain’s growth (97.6% ± 0.5%), while the use of 0.5% and 1.0% of neem oil showed lower antifungal activity, 40.2% ± 3.1 and 64.7% ± 1.1, respectively. There was a complete inhibition of OTA production with 0.1% and 0.3% neem oil in the four strains isolated in the laboratory from grapes. The present study shows that neem essential oil can be further evaluated as an auxiliary method for the reduction of mycelial growth and OTA production.Facultad de Ciencias ExactasCentro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriale

In Vitro Activity of Neem (<i>Azadirachta indica</i>) Oil on Growth and Ochratoxin A Production by <i>Aspergillus carbonarius</i> Isolates

Aspergillus carbonarius is a saprobic filamentous fungus, food spoiling fungus and a producer of ochratoxin A (OTA) mycotoxin. In this study, the in vitro antifungal activity of neem oil (0.12% p/p of azadirachtin) was evaluated against the growth of six strains of A. carbonarius and the production of OTA. Four different concentrations of neem oil were tested in addition to three incubation times. Only the concentration of 0.3% of neem oil inhibited more than 95% of the strain’s growth (97.6% ± 0.5%), while the use of 0.5% and 1.0% of neem oil showed lower antifungal activity, 40.2% ± 3.1 and 64.7% ± 1.1, respectively. There was a complete inhibition of OTA production with 0.1% and 0.3% neem oil in the four strains isolated in the laboratory from grapes. The present study shows that neem essential oil can be further evaluated as an auxiliary method for the reduction of mycelial growth and OTA production.Facultad de Ciencias ExactasCentro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriale

Psychological violence against pregnant women in a prenatal care cohort: rates and associated factors in São Luís, Brazil

Abstract\ud \ud Background\ud Violence against pregnant women has been associated with gestational and perinatal disorders. Psychological violence is the type least investigated and its associated factors have been little studied. The present study was conducted in order to estimate prevalence rates and analyze the factors associated with exclusive and recurrent psychological violence in the municipality of São Luís, Brazil.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud Data regarding 982 pregnant women, aged from 14 to 45 years, interviewed in 2010 and 2011 in a prenatal cohort were used. A self-applied questionnaire was used to screen for violence. Pregnant women submitted to physical and sexual violence were excluded from the analysis of factors associated with exclusive psychological violence. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by a Poisson regression model with a hierarchical approach at three levels. At level 1 of the theoretical-conceptual model, we analyzed demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and variables that express gender inequalities; at level 2, we analyzed social support received by the women, and at level 3, the life experiences of the pregnant women.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Prevalence rate of exclusive psychological violence was 41.6% and of recurrent violence was 32.6%. Exclusive psychological violence was associated with pregnant women’s age of 14 to 18 years (PR: 1.32 95% CI: 1.04 – 1.70), pregnant women’s schooling superior to that of her intimate partner (PR: 1.54 95% CI: 1.09 – 2.16), inadequate social affective support/positive social interaction (PR: 1.34 95% CI: 1.11 – 1.62), use of illicit drugs by the pregnant women (PR: 1.80 95% CI: 1.16 – 2.81) and having had six or more intimate partners in life (PR: 1.52 95% CI: 1.18 – 1.96). Recurrent exclusive psychological violence was associated with inadequate social affective support/positive social interaction (PR: 1.47 95% CI: 1.15 – 1.87), use of illicit drugs by the pregnant women (PR: 2,28 95% CI: 1,40 - 3,71) and having had six or more intimate partners in life (PR: 1.47 95% CI: 1.06 – 2.03).\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud Psychological violence was a common phenomenon in this population of pregnant women that was associated with gender inequalities, inadequate social support and illicit drug use and should be routinely investigated during prenatal visits at health care services.This Research was supported by the Health Ministry,\ud CNPq (Portuguese acronym for the National Research Council), FAPESP\ud (Portuguese acronym for the São Paulo State Research Foundation), and\ud FAPEMA (Portuguese acronym for the Maranhão State Research Foundation)

Mortality inequalities measured by socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a scoping review

Objective: Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. Methods: This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. Results: Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. Conclusions: Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis

Differentials in death count records by databases in Brazil in 2010

Objective: To compare the death counts from three sources of information on mortality available in Brazil in 2010, the Mortality Information System (SIM – Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade ), Civil Registration Statistic System (RC – Sistema de Estatísticas de Resgistro Civil ), and the 2010 Demographic Census at various geographical levels, and to confirm the association between municipal socioeconomic characteristics and the source which showed the highest death count. Methods: This is a descriptive and comparative study of raw data on deaths in the SIM, RC and 2010 Census databases, the latter held in Brazilian states and municipalities between August 2009 and July 2010. The percentage of municipalities was confirmed by the database showing the highest death count. The association between the source of the highest death count and socioeconomic indicators – the Índice de Privação Brasileiro (IBP – Brazilian Deprivation Index) and Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IHDM – Municipal Human Development Index) – was performed by bivariate choropleth and Moran Local Index of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster maps. Results: Confirmed that the SIM is the database with the highest number of deaths counted for all Brazilian macroregions, except the North, in which the highest coverage was from the 2010 Census. Based on the indicators proposed, in general, the Census showed a higher coverage of deaths than the SIM and the RC in the most deprived (highest IBP values) and less developed municipalities (lowest IDHM values) in the country. Conclusion: The results highlight regional inequalities in how the databases chosen for this study cover death records, and the importance of maintaining the issue of mortality on the basic census questionnaire