A Flight Research Overview of WSPR, a Pilot Project for Sonic Boom Community Response

In support of NASAs ongoing effort to bring supersonic commercial travel to the public, NASA Dryden Flight Research Center and NASA Langley Research Center, in cooperation with other industry organizations, conducted a flight research experiment to identify the methods, tools, and best practices for a large-scale quiet (or low) sonic boom community human response test. The name of the effort was Waveforms and Sonic boom Perception and Response. Such tests will go towards building a dataset that governing agencies like the Federal Aviation Administration and International Civil Aviation Organization will use to establish regulations for acceptable sound levels of overland sonic booms. Until WSPR, there had never been an effort that studied the response of people in their own homes and performing daily activities to non-traditional, low sonic booms.WSPR was a NASA collaborative effort with several industry partners, in response to a NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate Research Opportunities in Aeronautics. The primary contractor was Wyle. Other partners included Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, Pennsylvania State University, Tetra Tech, and Fidell Associates, Inc.A major objective of the effort included exposing a community with the sonic boom magnitudes and occurrences expected in high-air traffic regions with a network of supersonic commercial aircraft in place. Low-level sonic booms designed to simulate those produced by the next generation of commercial supersonic aircraft were generated over a small residential community. The sonic boom footprint was recorded with an autonomous wireless microphone array that spanned the entire community. Human response data was collected using multiple survey methods. The research focused on essential elements of community response testing including subject recruitment, survey methods, instrumentation systems, flight planning and operations, and data analysis methods.This paper focuses on NASAs role in the efforts logistics and operations including human response subject recruitment, the operational processes involved in implementing the surveys throughout the community, instrumentation systems, logistics, flight planning, and flight operations. Findings discussed in this paper include critical lessons learned in all of those areas. The paper also discusses flight operations results. Analysis of the accuracy and repeatability of planning and executing the unique aircraft maneuver used to generate low sonic booms concluded that the sonic booms had overpressures within 0.15 pounds-per-square-feet of the planned values for 76 of t he attempts. Similarly, 90 of the attempts to generate low sonic booms within the community were successful

Propriedades químicas de uma Terra Roxa Estruturada influenciadas pela cobertura vegetal de inverno e pela adubação orgânica e mineral

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da cobertura vegetal de inverno, constituída de uma associação de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) com nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.), da adubação orgânica com esterco de aves e da adubação mineral sobre propriedades químicas de uma Terra Roxa Estruturada do estado de Santa Catarina. As análises foram realizadas em amostras de solo coletadas em agosto de 1994 e janeiro de 1995, nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, em um experimento iniciado em 1990. Observou-se que a cobertura vegetal de inverno mostrou-se eficiente na manutenção de nutrientes, especialmente o potássio, e dos níveis de carbono orgânico, dentro dos limites da camada arável. O uso de adubo orgânico proporcionou acúmulo de nutrientes no solo, enquanto os adubos organomineral e mineral mostraram tendência de redução, principalmente dos níveis de potássio do solo

DLR Simulations of the First AIAA Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop Cases

The prediction of the sonic boom signature plays an important role in the development of a supersonic transport aircraft. In this paper geometries and grids provided by the First AIAA Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop are used to develop a best practice for predicting near field pressure signatures using the DLR TAU code. The configurations include a low-boom body of revolution, a 69$^{\circ}$ delta-wing body, and a full aircraft configuration with a V-tail and flow-through nacelles. Results for the simulations on the workshop-provided tetrahedral and mixed-element grids are presented. The influence using several spatial discretization schemes is analyzed. Available experimental and numerical results from the workshop are used to assess the solutions. Compared to the solutions by the other participants, the TAU solutions appear to be less dissipative on the grids provided by the workshop and have slight overshoots at shocks and expansions. In addition to the provided grids, mixed-element grids with differing resolution setups and topologies are generated to assess the influence of near field and mid-field grid resolution on the numerical solutions. It is shown that the solutions on the self-generated grids are similar to the solutions by the other participants and improve the agreement with experimental data compared to the solutions on the provided grids

Sonic Boom Carpet Computation as a Basis for Supersonic Flight Routing (Abstract)

We lay out a methodology for optimizing supersonic flight paths by calculating sonic boom carpets of supersonic flight trajectories in specific atmospheric conditions, supposing that sonic booms must not make landfall. The process starts with route drafting, followed by iterative mission simulation, boom carpet computation, and flight path adaptation

Circulating Microparticles in Patients with Benign and Malignant Ovarian Tumors

Background: Microparticles are known to be increased in various malignancies. In this prospective study, microparticle levels were evaluated in patients with benign and malignant ovarian lesions. Patients and Methods: Microparticles from platelets/megakaryocytes, activated platelets and endothelial cells, tissue factor exposing microparticles and D-dinier values were examined in patients with newly diagnosed ovarian lesions before surgery, and were correlated with tumor histology. Results: Higher counts of CD63-positive microparticles were detected in patients with ovarian cancer [mean=276x10(6) (range: 64-948)/l; n=12] as compared to patients with benign ovarian tumors [146x10(6) (45-390)/l; n=21; p=0.014]. D-dimer values were also increased in patients with cancer [860 (180-4500) ng/l versus 280 (170-2720) ng/l; p=0.001]. Conclusion: Elevated levels of CD63-positive microparticles and D-dimer reflect the procoagulant phenotype of these patients. However, for the discrimination between benign and malignant ovarian tumors, measuring preoperative levels of microparticles does not seem to be helpfu

Apheresis platelet concentrates contain platelet-derived and endothelial cell-derived microparticles

Background and Objectives Microparticles (MP) are membrane vesicles with thrombogenic and immunomodulatory properties. We determined MP subgroups from resting platelets, activated platelets and endothelial cells in donors and apheresis platelet concentrates (PC). Material and Methods MP were double stained with annexin V and CD61 (platelet-derived MP; PMP), P-selectin or CD63 (MP from activated platelets) and CD144 plus E-selectin (endothelial cell-derived MP; EMP) and detected by flow cytometry in platelet donors (n = 36) and apheresis PC (n = 11; Trima (TM)). Results PC contained MP, mainly from resting platelets [93% (90-95)], and minor fractions of PMP from activated platelets [P-selectin+ or CD63+; 4 center dot 8% (3 center dot 2-7 center dot 7) and 2 center dot 6% (2 center dot 0-4 center dot 0)]. Compared to donors, levels of annexin V+ MP, PMP, P-selectin+ and CD63+ MP were 1 center dot 7-, 2 center dot 3-, 8 center dot 6- and 3 center dot 1-fold higher in PC (all P <0 center dot 05). During storage (1-5 days), levels of annexin V+ MP and PMP did not increase, although small increases in the fraction of P-selectin+ or CD63+ MP occurred (both P <0 center dot 05). PC also contained EMP, which were 2 center dot 6- to 3 center dot 7-fold enriched in PC compared to donors (P <0 center dot 05). Conclusions Transfusion of apheresis PC also results in transfusion of HLA-carrying PMP and EMP. This might counteract the aim of reducing transfused HLA load by leucodepletion. The increases in PMP exposing P-selectin or CD63 reflect mild platelet activation during storage. We conclude that in leucodepleted platelet apheresis using fluidized particle bed technology, MP are harvested mainly from the donor by apheresis. Improvement in apheresis technology might reduce MP loa

Predicting Take-Off Noise, Sonic Boom, and Landing Noise of Supersonic Transport Aircraft Concepts

In 2023, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) has launched the STORMIE (Supersonic Transport Open Research Models and Impact on Environment) project. Focus of the project is the prediction and minimization of environmental and human impacts of civil supersonic transport. Data generated in the project will be used to inform national and European authorities in order to discuss certification standards for supersonic aircraft within the International Civil Aviation Organization’s Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP). In order to assess the environmental impacts, representative civil supersonic business-jet and airliner concepts will be designed. This paper will present an overview of past and ongoing activities conducted at DLR to assess and minimize landing and take-off noise as well as the sonic boom of supersonic aircraft. Numerical methods at different levels of fidelity are applied and will be complemented by listening experiments in a later project stage. First noise-related activities within the STORMIE project are summarized