Impacts socio-économiques sur les cuniculteurs de la vaccination des lapins contre les coccidioses intestinales au Bénin

Les coccidioses constituent l’une des maladies les plus meurtrières chez les lapins. Pour mieux contrôler cette affection, une prophylaxie vaccinale est mise au point. La réussite d’une telle innovation passe par la perception des cuniculteurs. Ainsi, la présente étude a été entreprise afin de déterminer les facteurs favorisant l’adoption par les éleveurs de la vaccination des lapins contre les coccidioses. Les enquêtes menées auprès des cuniculteurs ont révélé que 100% d’entre eux ont une opinion favorable du vaccin. De même, 83,3% des éleveurs ont affirmé que le vaccin était efficace. Par ailleurs, 80% des éleveurs ont déclaré connaître la coccidiose. Parmi ceux-ci, 62,5% avait bien décrit les signes cliniques de la coccidiose. L’étude économique a montré que la vaccination engendre un bénéfice net de 123,2 F CFA par lapin comparativement aux lapins non vaccinés. La vaccination s’avère efficace et est bien appréciée par les utilisateurs. Son adoption contribuera à améliorer les conditions de vie des cuniculteurs.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Oryctolagus cuniculus, cuniculture, coccidies, prophylaxie, immunisation, adoptionEnglish Title:  Socio-economic effects on the rabbit breeders of rabbit’s vaccination against intestinal coccidiosis in BeninEnglish AbstractCoccidiosis is recognized as being one of the major serious diseases in rabbit breeding. For a better control of this disease, a vaccination program is set up. The perception of the rabbit breeders determines the success of this innovation. Thus, this study was undertaken in order to determine the factors which favour the adoption of the rabbit vaccination against coccidiosis by the rabbit breeders. Survey performed on rabbit  breeding revealed that 100% of the breeders included in the survey thought that vaccine is useful for the control of coccidiosis. An average of 83.3% of breeders has reported that the use of vaccine was effective to control coccidiosis. Likewise among rabbit breeders included in the study, an average of 80% has been reported to know coccidiosis. Among those breeders, an average of 62.6% was reported to know well clinical symptoms of coccidiosis. Economical study carried out on rabbit breeding showed that vaccine involves a net profit of 132.2 F CFA per vaccinated rabbit compared to non vaccinated rabbits. Vaccine turns out to an effective control of coccidiosis in rabbit and was well appreciated by the breeders. Its adoption will help improving rabbit breeders’ life.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Oryctolagus cuniculus, rabbit breeding, coccidia, prevention, immunization, adoptio

Pyrosequencing study of caecal bacterial community of rabbit does and kits from a farm affected by epizootic rabbit enteropathy

[EN] Epizootic Rabbit Enteropathy (ERE) is a disease of unknown aetiology that mainly affects post-weaning animals. Caecotrophs from animals in a farm affected by ERE were analysed to identify changes in the microbiological profile of growing rabbits. Does and kits at weaning (28 d) and the same rabbits ten days later (38 d) were used for a comparison using Roche 454 pyrosequencing of hypervariable V3-V5 regions of the 16S rRNA genes. The caecal bacterial community was dominated by the Firmicutes phylum (about 80%), followed by Bacteroidetes (15%), although relative abundances changed according to animal age (among does and kits at 28 and 38 d) and health status (affected or not by ERE). Two dominant families were classified within the Firmicutes phylum: Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae (50 and 20% of the sequences, respectively). In kits affected by ERE, relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Bacteroides genera decreased and increased, respectively, compared to healthy kits at the same age (28 and 38 d). The principal coordinate analysis plot revealed that kits at 28 d of age cluster together and apart from the does and the healthy 38-d rabbit groups. When only growing rabbits are considered, kits that showed symptoms of ERE clustered separately. Results suggest a different caecal bacterial community of rabbits affected by ERE. These findings highlight the need to identify different stages of the disease.This work was supported by Project AGL 2006-07596  (Ministry of Education and Science, Spain), with participation of the Department of Industry and Innovation of the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund. The stage of N. Rodríguez-Romero in the University of Zaragoza was financed by a Doctoral fellowship from the Universidad Nacional Experimental del Táchira (San Cristóbal, Venezuela).Abecia, L.; Rodríguez-Romero, N.; Martínez-Fernández, G.; Martínez Vallespín, B.; Fondevila, M. (2017). Pyrosequencing study of caecal bacterial community of rabbit does and kits from a farm affected by epizootic rabbit enteropathy. World Rabbit Science. 25(3):261-272. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2017.5230SWORD26127225

Evolution of the peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in multiparous rabbit does with two reproductive management rhythms

The emergence of epizootic rabbit enteropathy is leading to changes in weaning protocols in commercial rabbitries. Traditional weaning protocols are being replaced with late weaning, beyond 35 days postpartum (dpp). The main objectives of this study were to compare the peripheral blood lymphocyte populations of multiparous rabbit does under two reproductive rhythms (insemination at 11 dpp and weaning at 28 dpp, insemination at 25 dpp and weaning at 42 dpp), and to assess the influence on those of kits. Samples of peripheral blood were taken in 22 adult females and 44 of their kits at different critical times, and several lymphocytic populations were evaluated by flow cytometry. Additionally, the perirenal fat thickness of does was also measured at partum and weaning to observe if body condition correlates with lymphocyte populations. During whole lactation, counts of total, CD5 +, CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocytes of females were generally lower with weaning at 42 dpp compared to 28 dpp. Moreover, counts of total, B and CD5 + lymphocytes in rabbit does weaned at 42 dpp correlated to their body condition (+0.60 to 0.82; P<0.05), contrary to that observed in rabbit does weaned at 28 dpp. Some correlations between lymphocyte counts in both groups of does and weaning rabbits were observed. At weaning, those young rabbits weaned at 42 dpp had a significantly lower number of CD4 + lymphocytes than those weaned at 28 dpp (P<0.01). In conclusion, the 42 ddp rabbit does presented a lower number of total lymphocytes and lymphocytic subpopulations during lactation and at weaning, as well as lesser capacity of adjustment during the gestation-lactation cycle. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.This study has been supported by grants from the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University (Banco Santander/CEU-UCH: Copernicus Program (PRCEU-UCH/COOP 01/08), Generalitat Valenciana (ACOMP/2009/207 and ACOMP/2010/062) and the Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia (AGL2008-00273/GAN). Grants for Selena Ferrian and Irene Guerrero from Generalitat Valenciana (the Santiago Grisolia programme) and from the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, respectively, are gratefully acknowledged.Guerrero, I.; Ferrian, S.; Blas Ferrer, E.; Pascual Amorós, JJ.; Cano, JL.; Corpa, JM. (2011). Evolution of the peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in multiparous rabbit does with two reproductive management rhythms. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 140(1-2):75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.017S75811401-

Effect of late weaning and use of alternative cages on performance of does, suckling and fattening rabbits under extensive reproductive management

The effects of the combined use of long lactation periods (46 days) with alternative cages on the reproductive and growth performance of 104 rabbit does and their litters during five consecutive reproductive cycles were studied. Half of does were housed in conventional polyvalent cages (39 cm×100 cm×30 cm) and the other half in alternative polyvalent cages (39 cm×100 cm×60 cm), with a raised platform. Half of the rabbit does in each type of cage were weaned at 32 and the other half at 46 days after parturition. Longer lactation negatively affected the body weight (P<0.001), fat and energy content (P<0.05) of rabbit does at the end of the lactation period, but this effect decreased with the number of parturitions. Fertility, prolificacy and doe mortality were not affected by lactation length. Late weaning led to higher litter size (by 8.9%) and litter weight (by 11.3%) at the end of growing period (P<0.001) and lower feed conversion ratio per cage during the experimental period (13.5%) than weaning at 32 day (P<0.001). These results were paralleled by lower mortality (12.6 vs. 17.6%; P<0.01) of young rabbits weaned later during the overall experimental period. Differences in performance as a result of different weaning ages were only observed during cycles with worst health status (third and fifth cycles) in which late weaning decreased mortality. Type of cage did not affect doe body weight and body condition, mortality, fertility, prolificacy and litter size during the five reproductive cycles. Nevertheless, at day 21 litter weight and feed conversion ratio between 3 and 21 day were 4.2% higher (P<0.01) and 5.0% lower (P<0.05), respectively, in animals housed in alternative rather than in conventional cages. Alternative cages also led to heavier litters at 59 days (P<0.01). It was concluded that the combined use of longer lactations and cages with higher available surface with a raised platform could be alternatives to improve animal welfare in farmed rabbit

L'effet de la turbidité sur l'alimentation des juvéniles de plie rouge (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) au début de la phase benthique

Les effets de la turbidité sur le comportement alimentaire des juvéniles de plie rouge, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum), ont été déterminés dans le cadre d' une série d'expériences effectuées à l' Institut Maurice-Lamontagne. De courtes périodes d' exposition (4 heures), à différents niveaux de turbidité (0 à 352.5 UTN), ont permis de déterminer le taux d'alimentation des juvéniles, nourris avec des proies vivantes, soient des nauplii d'artémies (Artemia sp.). Lors de l'expérimentation, un groupe de 10 juvénil es à jeun était placé dans chacun des aquariums expérimentaux. Les aquariums, d' un volume de 8 litres, contenaient chacun 4 litres d'eau de mer et 125 ml de suspension d' argile de différentes concentrations, à l' exception des aquariums témoins. Nous avons quantifié le pourcentage de pOIssons s'étant alimentés et effectu é l'analyse du degré de remplissage des contenus stomacaux. De façon générale, 92% ± 32 des juvéniles s'étaient alimentés. On a ainsi observé que la turbidité n' influençait pas le nombre de poissons s' alimentant, ni le pourcentage de remplissage des estomacs. En revanche, on a constaté que la densité optique intégrée (lOD: indice combinant l'aire de remplissage du tube digestif et l'intensité de coloration) des juvéniles de plie rouge était significativement plus élevé en absence qu'en présence de turbidité. Il s 'agit d' une réponse de type présence-absence, puisque le niveau de turbidité n'affecte pas la valeur de l' indice lOD. Les résultats indiquent donc que dans l'ensemble, la turbidité n'influencerait que très peu, la capacité des juvéniles à capturer des proies vivantes présentes dans le mili eu

RISQUES ASSOCIES A L'UTILISATION DES ANTIBIOTIQUES CHEZ LE LAPIN : UNE MINI REVUE

[EN] Digestive troubles are the main cause of morbidity and mortality during growth in rabbit production. The diagnosis of enteritis, which is characterized by diarrhoea, remains difficult to establish. However, identification of sorne specific pathogens may be possible. Coccidia and bacteria, like Escherichia coli (mainly 0103 serogroup) or Clostridium spiroforme are the most frequent pathogens. In adults, respiratory pathology with Pasteurella multocida is predominant, as well as staphylococcal infections.. In these conditions, the rabbit is one of the most important consumers of antibiotics among the domestic animals. The noxious role, particularly of penicillins and of sorne macrolids (clindamycin and lincomycin) is underlined. Otherwise, if sorne antibiotics like tetracyclin can be successfully used against respiratiory disorders, they could be harmful in case of Clostridium spiroforme contamination of rabbits, when used alone. A table at the end of this papar encloses antibiotics to proscribe, to avoid and those that can be used (with brief indications on their dosage).[FR] La pathologie intestinale est la principale cause de morbidité et de mortalité chez le lapin de chair en engraissement, en élevage rationnel. Le diagnostic des entérites du lapereau, qui se manifestent presque systématiquement par de la diarrhée, reste encare difficile a établir. Cependant certaines entités spécifiques peuvent etre identifiées. Les coccidies et certaines bactéries comme Escherichia coli (essentiellement les souches 0103, rhamnose négatif) ou C/ostridium spiroforme, sont les agents pathogenes les plus fréquemment rencontrés. Chez les adultas, c'est la pathologie respiratoire qui est prépondérante avec un autre germe dominant, Pasteurella multocida, sans oublier les staphylocoques. Dans ces conditions, on comprend mieux pourquoi le lapin se situe parmi les especes domestiques les plus grosses consommatrices d'antiinfectieux. En particulier le role nocif des penicillines et de certains macrolides (clindamycine, lincomycine) est souligné. Par ailleurs certains antibiotiques comme la tétracycline peuvent etre employés avec suecas en cas de troubles respiratoires mais si les lapins sont contaminés par Clostridium spiroforme, ce mame antibiotique peut etre générateur de troubles, s'il est utifisé seul. En fin d'article, un tableau résume les antibiotiques a proscrire, a éviter et ceux qui sont utilisables chez le lapin (avec indications sommaires de leur posologie).Licois, D. (1996). RISQUES ASSOCIES A L'UTILISATION DES ANTIBIOTIQUES CHEZ LE LAPIN : UNE MINI REVUE. World Rabbit Science. doi:10.4995/wrs.1996.272SWORD04