Licensing german negative polarity items in LTAG

Our paper aims at capturing the distribution of negative polarity items (NPIs) within lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG). The condition under which an NPI can occur in a sentence is for it to be in the scope of a negation with no quantifiers scopally intervening. We model this restriction within a recent framework for LTAG semantics based on semantic unification. The proposed analysis provides features that signal the presence of a negation in the semantics and that specify its scope. We extend our analysis to modelling the interaction of NPI licensing and neg raising constructions

Factorizing complementation in a TT-MCTAG for German

TT-MCTAG lets one abstract away from the relative order of co-complements in the final derived tree, which is more appropriate than classic TAG when dealing with flexible word order in German. In this paper, we present the analyses for sentential complements, i.e., wh-extraction, thatcomplementation and bridging, and we work out the crucial differences between these and respective accounts in XTAG (for English) and V-TAG (for German)

XMG : eXtending MetaGrammars to MCTAG

In this paper, we introduce an extension of the XMG system (eXtensibleMeta-Grammar) in order to allow for the description of Multi-Component Tree Adjoining Grammars. In particular, we introduce the XMG formalism and its implementation, and show how the latter makes it possible to extend the system relatively easily to different target formalisms, thus opening the way towards multi-formalism.Dans cet article, nous présentons une extension du système XMG (eXtensible MetaGrammar) afin de permettre la description de grammaires darbres adjoints à composantes multiples. Nous présentons en particulier le formalisme XMG et son implantation et montrons comment celle-ci permet relativement aisément détendre le système à différents formalismes grammaticaux cibles, ouvrant ainsi la voie au multi-formalisme

Syntax und Valenz: Zur Modellierung kohärenter und elliptischer Strukturen mit Baumadjunktionsgrammatiken

Diese Arbeit untersucht das Verhältnis zwischen Syntaxmodell und lexikalischen Valenzeigenschaften anhand der Familie der Baumadjunktionsgrammatiken (TAG) und anhand der Phänomenbereiche Kohärenz und Ellipse. Wie die meisten prominenten Syntaxmodelle betreibt TAG eine Amalgamierung von Syntax und Valenz, die oft zu Realisierungsidealisierungen führt. Es wird jedoch gezeigt, dass TAG dabei gewisse Realisierungsidealisierungen vermeidet und Diskontinuität bei Kohärenz direkt repräsentieren kann; dass TAG trotzdem und trotz der im Vergleich zu GB, LFG und HPSG wesentlich eingeschränkten Ausdrucksstärke zu einer linguistisch sinnvollen Analyse kohärenter Konstruktionen herangezogen werden kann; dass der TAG-Ableitungsbaum für die indirekte Gapping-Modellierung eine ausreichend informative Bezugsgröße darstellt. Für  die direkte Repräsentation von Gapping-Strukturen wird schließlich ein baumbasiertes Syntaxmodell, STUG, vorgeschlagen, in dem Syntax und Valenz getrennt, aber verlinkt sind.    German law requires we state the prices in Germany for this publication. The hardcover price is 35.00 EUR; the softcover price is 25.00 EUR

Chemical defenses of the Caribbean sponges Agelas wiedenmayeri and Agelas conifera

Previous studies have determined that Caribbean reef sponges of the genus Agelas are chemically defended from fish predation by brominated pyrrole alkaloids, and that the compounds responsible for this defense have been elucidated for one species, Agelas clathrodes. In this study, we expand our understanding of chemical defense in this common sponge genus to include the characterization of defensive metabolites in the tissues of Agelas wiedenmayeri and Agelas conifera. Bioassay-directed isolation of defensive metabolites was undertaken using fish feeding assays carried out in laboratory aquaria and in the field. Agelas wiedenmayeri contained the same two major metabolites as Agelas clathrodes, 4,5-dibromopyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (1), and oroidin (2), in addition to a small amount of bromoageliferin (7). The two major metabolites were present at higher concentrations in samples of Agelas wiedenmayeri than in Agelas clathrodes, and their relative concentrations were reversed, with Agelas wiedenmayeri on average containing more 4,5-dibromopyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (1) (2.0 mg/mL) than oroidin (2) (0.8 mg/mL). Agelas conifera contained a mixture of dimeric bromopyrrole alkaloids dominated by sceptrin (3), with <10% each of dibromosceptrin (5), bromoageliferin (7), dibromoageliferin (8), ageliferin (6), and bromosceptrin (4). Mean concentration of sceptrin (3) in sponge tissue was 5.3 mg/mL; this compound deterred feeding of reef fish in aquarium assays at 1.0 mg/mL, the lowest concentration assayed. Sceptrin (3) concentrations were higher in sponges collected in the southern Bahama Islands than those collected in the middle Bahamas, but reasons for this variation remain unclear. The structure-activity relationship of the pyrrole group was investigated by assaying derivatives of the active metabolites. Feeding deterrent activity of the molecule was enhanced by the addition of bromine to the pyrrole group, but not affected by exchange of the heteroatom from N to O or S. Combining an understanding of the structure-activity relationship of Agelas metabolites with an understanding of the variation in these metabolites across the genus may provide insight into the evolution of defensive chemistry in this highly successful taxa of pan-tropical sponges

Uber den Einfluss horizontaler Temperaturschichtung des Seewassers auf die Reichweite von Unterwasserschallsignalen

Translated from Physikalische Zeitschrift 17, 385-389, September 1919, by A. F. Wittenborn, TRACOR Inc., with a foreword by R. J. Uric

Arid processes in the SE-Brazilian relief evolution during the last glacial

The general index-plain "Sulamericana" can be found in vast areas of SE-Brazil. It is mainly conserved with the help of a duricrust and covered by laterite. The next younger element of relief-evolution, a level 40 to 60 m below the Sulamericana, is completely different: the weathered rock is covered by a stoneline and a fine-textured sediment. This structure was examined with the help of granulometry, analyses of heavy minerals, thermoluminescence datings, pollen analyses and 14C-datings. Different conditions for the development of stonelines may occur according to the climatic conditions at the time of their origin; in this case it must be assumed that the stonelines were formed by slope-wash due to episodic precipitation under the condition of nearly complete absence of vegetation (geologic or climatic reasons). They are a clear post-Sulamericana development. A fine-textured sediment was deposited on top of the stonelines. The material of the fine-textured sediment was, according to the then prevailing conditions, transported by as well slope-wash as eolian processes; especially for the "demi-oranges" we must assume eolian transport. The material was probably derived partly from the local material which covers the remnants of the Sulamericana, but may be seen as an eolian sediment transported for long distances as well. The time of the deposition of the fine-textured sediment on the stonelines coincides with the climax of the last Glacial; the 14C-dating indicates 19,700 years B.P., the thermoluminescence-dating about 20,000 years B.P.. The climatic conditions were probably semi-arid. These results are supported by the findings of other researches of the Southamerican climate during the last Glacial

Developing a TT-MCTAG for German with an RCG-based parser

Developing linguistic resources, in particular grammars, is known to be a complex task in itself, because of (amongst others) redundancy and consistency issues. Furthermore some languages can reveal themselves hard to describe because of specific characteristics, e.g. the free word order in German. In this context, we present (i) a framework allowing to describe tree-based grammars, and (ii) an actual fragment of a core multicomponent tree-adjoining grammar with tree tuples (TT-MCTAG) for German developed using this framework. This framework combines a metagrammar compiler and a parser based on range concatenation grammar (RCG) to respectively check the consistency and the correction of the grammar. The German grammar being developed within this framework already deals with a wide range of scrambling and extraction phenomena

Holography - Just Another Method of Image Processing?

The advantage of all different kinds of electron holography lies in the fact that in addition to the image intensity they make use of the phase in real space and in Fourier space. Therefore, they are in principle superior to conventional imaging techniques, even if these are supported by highly sophisticated methods of image processing. The technique of electron off-axis holography, under development in Tübingen for more than 20 years, now enters atomic resolution domain. After correction of aberrations, amplitudes and phases can be determined quantitatively, both in real space and Fourier space, opening up novel facilities for the analysis of structures at atomic dimensions

Uber den Einfluss horizontaler Temperaturschichtung des Seewassers auf die Reichweite von Unterwasserschallsignalen

Translated from Physikalische Zeitschrift 17, 385-389, September 1919, by Patrick Heimbac