Public Expenditure, Green Finance, and Environmental Governance: Evidence From China

Due to the constant expansion of China’s industrial sector, environmental pollution has become a major issue that requires urgent and continuous government intervention. We use a panel of 239 Chinese cities for 2007 – 2019 and a system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model to estimate the impact of fiscal expenditures on industrial pollution levels. Our results suggest that local fiscal expenditures have a positive and significant impact on industrial wastewater generation, sulfur dioxide emissions, and smoke and dust pollution levels, as well as on pollution intensity. Conversely, expanding environmental protection initiatives helps significantly improve environmental quality. In addition, government expenditure on education has a negative and statistically significant influence on both industrial wastewater and smoke and dust pollution, while higher spending on research and development (R&D) helps curb sulfur dioxide emissions and pollution intensity. We also demonstrate that green financing initiatives can strengthen the negative relationship between education expenditure and R&D spending on the one hand and pollution level and its intensity on the other. Hence, our results offer suggestions for improving the composition of government expenditures and therefore better controlling pollution levels, which can be achieved by increasing investment in environmental protection, spending more on education and R&D, and promoting the spread of green financing initiatives

A novel nonsense mutation in the MIP gene linked to congenital posterior polar cataracts in a Chinese family.

To detect the causative mutation for congenital posterior polar cataracts in a five-generation Chinese family and further explore the potential pathogenesis of this disease.Coding exons, with flanking sequences of five candidate genes, were screened using direct DNA sequencing. The identified mutations were confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. A full-length wild-type or an Y219* mutant aquaporin0 (AQP0) fused with an N-terminal FLAG tag, was transfected into HEK293T cells. For co-localization studies, FLAG-WT-AQP0 and Myc-Y219*-AQP0 constructs were co-transfected. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence studies were performed to determine protein expression levels and sub-cellular localization, respectively.We identified a novel nonsense mutation in MIP (c.657 C>G; p.Y219*) (major intrinsic protein gene) that segregates with congenital posterior polar cataract in a Chinese family. This mutation altered a highly conserved tyrosine to a stop codon (Y219*) within AQP0.When FLAG-WT-AQP0 and FLAG-Y219*-AQP0 expression constructs were singly transfected into HEK 293T cells, mRNA expression showed no significant difference between the wild-type and the mutant, while Y219*-AQP0 protein expression was significantly lower than that of wild-type AQP0. Wild-type AQP0 predominantly localized to the plasma membrane, while the mutated protein was abundant within the cytoplasm of HEK293T cells. However, when FLAG-WT-AQP0 andMyc-MU-AQP0were co-expressed, both proteins showed high fluorescence in the cytoplasm.The novel nonsense mutation in the MIP gene (c.657 C>G) identified in a Chinese family may cause posterior polar cataracts. The dominant negative effect of the mutated protein on the wild-type protein interfered with the trafficking of wild-type protein to the cell membrane and both the mutant and wild-type protein were trapped in the cytoplasm. Consequently, both wild-type and mutant protein lost their function as a water channel on the cell membrane, and may result in a cataract phenotype. Our data also expands the spectrum of known MIP mutations

Application of MZI Symmetrical Structure With Fiber Balls and Seven-Core Fiber in Microdisplacement Measurement

Abstract An optical fiber microdisplacement sensor based on symmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with a seven-core fiber and two single-mode fiber balls is proposed. The rationality and manufacturing process of the MZI sensing structure are analyzed. The fabrication mechanism of the Mach-Zehnder sensor by CO2 laser is described in detail. Experimental results show that temperature sensitivities of the two dips are 98.65 pm/°C and 89.72 pm/°C, respectively. The microdisplacement sensitivities are 2017.71 pm/mm and 2457.92 pm/mm, respectively. The simultaneous measurement of temperature and microdisplacement is demonstrated based on the sensitive matrix. The proposed Mach-Zehnder interference sensor exhibits the advantages of compact structure, simple manufacturing process, and high reliability

Dual-parameter sensing characteristics of a single fiber Bragg grating half-pasted by 1C-LV epoxy under different curing

A novel technology for the simultaneous and independent measurement of dual parameters is proposed and experimented. By using a single fiber Bragg grating half-pasted by 1C-LV epoxy under different curing conditions, the sensor structure is designed such that the reflective single-peak spectrum splits into a twin-peak spectrum, which makes the FBG spectrum form a natural spectral peak splitting bias. A measurement limitation exists in the FBG sensor packaging at room temperature, which can be solved by the high-temperature cured packaging method. To verify the validity of the theory and methodology, the experimental system is used. In the range from –1000 to +1000 με and from 35 to 75°C, the Bragg wavelength change is relative linear to the strain and temperature. The temperature and strain variations can be independently and simultaneously measured using the split peak, and the deviations of the FBG sensor are ±1°C and ±5 με, respectively. This single FBG sensor can realize dual-parameter measurement, which is valuable for narrow-space health monitoring

Dichloridobis{1-[(2-methylbenzimidazol-1-yl-κN3)methyl]benzotriazole}zinc

The title mononuclear ZnII complex, [ZnCl2(C15H13N5)2], is isotypic with the previously reported HgII complex. The ZnII atom is located on a twofold rotation axis and has a distorted tetrahedral environment of two Cl atoms and two N atoms from two heterocyclic ligands. In the crystal, complex molecules are extended by intermolecular π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.792 (2) Å] into a three-dimensional supramolecular network

Clinical evaluation.

<p><b>A: Pedigree of the five-generation Chinese family with autosomal dominant congenital cataract (ADCC).</b> Squares and circles indicate males and females, respectively. Filled symbols indicate affected members and empty symbols indicate unaffected individuals. The diagonal line indicates a deceased family member and the arrow indicates the proband. Family members whose DNA was analyzed by sequencing and restriction enzyme digestion are indicated by asterisks. <b>B: Photograph of the right eye of the proband.</b> The photograph (diffuse illumination) of the proband (V: 1) before surgery shows a posterior polar cataract with cotton-like opacities in the posterior subcapsular cortex. The same phenotype was noted bilaterally.</p