Optimización y evaluación del aceite de germen de trigo extraído por CO2 supercrítico.

Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the parameters of supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) of wheat germ oil. The quality of the oil and residual meal obtained by SFE and solvent extraction (SE) were evaluated from proximate analysis, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity. A maximum oil yield of 10.46% was achieved under the optimal conditions of wheat germ particle size 60-80 mesh; water content 4.37%; pressure 30MPa; temperature 40°C extraction time 1.7h. The oil obtained by SFE showed stronger DPPH radical scavenging ability than SE oil at the same concentration. The fatty acid composition of SFE oil was similar to SE oil. Higher contents of protein (34.3%) and lysine (2.47g/100g) were found in the residual meal obtained by SFE. The results show that oil and defatted meal obtained by SFE can be promising nutritional sources for food.Un diseño Box-Behnken combinado con metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM) fue usado para optimizar los parámetros de extracción con fluido supercrítico (SFE) del aceite de germen de trigo. La calidad del aceite y de la harina residual obtenida por SFE y por extracción con solvente (SE) fue evaluada mediante su análisis porcentual, composición de ácidos grasos y actividad antioxidante. Un máximo rendimiento de aceite del 10.46% fue obtenido con las condiciones óptimas de 60-80 mesh de tamaño de partícula del germen de trigo; 4.37% contenido de agua; 30MPa de presión; 40°C de temperatura y 1.7 h de tiempo de extracción. El aceite obtenido por SFE mostró una capacidad atrapadora de radicales libres mucho mayor que el aceite obtenido por SE a la misma concentración. La composición de ácidos grasos del aceite SFE fue similar al aceite SE. El mayor contenido de proteínas (34%) y de lisina (2.47g/100g) fue encontrado en las harinas residuales obtenidas por SFE. Los resultados muestran que el aceite y la harina desengrasada obtenidas por SFE pueden ser atractivas y prometedoras fuentes nutricional en los alimentos

Optimization and evaluation of wheat germ oil extracted by supercritical CO₂

Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the parameters of supercritical CO₂ extraction (SFE) of wheat germ oil. The quality of the oil and residual meal obtained by SFE and solvent extraction (SE) were evaluated from proximate analysis, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity. A maximum oil yield of 10.46% was achieved under the optimal conditions of wheat germ particle size 60-80 mesh; water content 4.37%; pressure 30MPa; temperature 40°C extraction time 1.7h. The oil obtained by SFE showed stronger DPPH radical scavenging ability than SE oil at the same concentration. The fatty acid composition of SFE oil was similar to SE oil. Higher contents of protein (34.3%) and lysine (2.47g/100g) were found in the residual meal obtained by SFE. The results show that oil and defatted meal obtained by SFE can be promising nutritional sources for food.<br><br>Un diseño Box-Behnken combinado con metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM) fue usado para optimizar los parámetros de extracción con fluido supercrítico (SFE) del aceite de germen de trigo. La calidad del aceite y de la harina residual obtenida por SFE y por extracción con solvente (SE) fue evaluada mediante su análisis porcentual, composición de ácidos grasos y actividad antioxidante. Un máximo rendimiento de aceite del 10.46% fue obtenido con las condiciones óptimas de 60-80 mesh de tamaño de partícula del germen de trigo; 4.37% contenido de agua; 30MPa de presión; 40°C de temperatura y 1.7 h de tiempo de extracción. El aceite obtenido por SFE mostró una capacidad atrapadora de radicales libres mucho mayor que el aceite obtenido por SE a la misma concentración. La composición de ácidos grasos del aceite SFE fue similar al aceite SE. El mayor contenido de proteínas (34%) y de lisina (2.47g/100g) fue encontrado en las harinas residuales obtenidas por SFE. Los resultados muestran que el aceite y la harina desengrasada obtenidas por SFE pueden ser atractivas y prometedoras fuentes nutricional en los alimentos

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals &lt;1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex

ABSTRACT We report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex (MOp or M1) as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). This was achieved by coordinated large-scale analyses of single-cell transcriptomes, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylomes, spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes, morphological and electrophysiological properties, and cellular resolution input-output mapping, integrated through cross-modal computational analysis. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge and understanding of brain cell type organization: First, our study reveals a unified molecular genetic landscape of cortical cell types that congruently integrates their transcriptome, open chromatin and DNA methylation maps. Second, cross-species analysis achieves a unified taxonomy of transcriptomic types and their hierarchical organization that are conserved from mouse to marmoset and human. Third, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the epigenomic, transcriptomic, and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types and subtypes. Fourth, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially-resolved cell type atlas of the motor cortex. Fifth, integrated transcriptomic, epigenomic and anatomical analyses reveal the correspondence between neural circuits and transcriptomic cell types. We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting and fate mapping glutamatergic projection neuron types toward linking their developmental trajectory to their circuit function. Together, our results establish a unified and mechanistic framework of neuronal cell type organization that integrates multi-layered molecular genetic and spatial information with multi-faceted phenotypic properties

Advances in Studies of Biological Nitrogen Saving Technology for Wheat

This paper first described the current status of wheat nitrogen fertilizers utilization rate. Then, from balanced fertilizer application, applying slow/controlled release fertilizer, deep application of nitrogen fertilizers and graded application, controlled application amount, selection of application time according to soil properties, diagnosed application of fertilizer with instrument, addition of synergist, and precise fertilizer application, it summarized biological nitrogen saving methods and introduced prospects of future biological nitrogen saving technology

Interfacial Polarization Control Engineering and Ferroelectric PZT/Graphene Heterostructure Integrated Application

Integration and miniaturization are the inevitable trends in the development of electronic devices. PZT and graphene are typical ferroelectric and carbon-based materials, respectively, which have been widely used in various fields. Achieving high-quality PZT/graphene heterogeneous integration and systematically studying its electrical properties is of great significance. In this work, we reported the characterization of a PZT film based on the sol–gel method. Additionally, the thickness of the PZT film was pushed to the limit size (~100 nm) by optimizing the process. The test results, including the remnant and leakage current, show that the PZT film is a reliable and suitable platform for further graphene-integrated applications. The non-destructive regulation of the electrical properties of graphene has been studied based on a domain-polarized substrate and strain-polarized substrate. The domain structures in the PZT film exhibit different geometric structures with ~0.3 V surface potential. The I–V output curves of graphene integrated on the surface of the PZT film exhibited obvious rectification characteristics because of p/n-doping tuned by an interfacial polarized electric field. In contrast, a ~100 nm thick PZT film makes it easy to acquire a larger strain gradient for flexural potential. The tested results also show a rectification phenomenon, which is similar to domain polarization substrate regulation. Considering the difficulty of measuring the flexural potential, the work might provide a new approach to assessing the flexural polarized regulation effect. A thinner ferroelectric film/graphene heterojunction and the polarized regulation of graphene will provide a platform for promoting low-dimension film-integrated applications

Effects of Different Water Treatment on Yield and Agronomic Traits of Wheat

In order to make clear the effects of water on yield and agronomic traits of wheat in Cangzhou, 18 wheat cultivars from north part of Huanghuai Plain were collected for spring irrigation. The indoor and field surveys were used to analyze the effects of irrigation frequency on stem tiller situation, leaf area coefficient, yield and other traits of different wheat cultivars. The results indicated that the average yield of irrigation 1 increased by 68.07 kg compared with that of irrigation 0, while the average yield of irrigation 2 increased by 60.00 kg compared with that of irrigation 1. The survey of flag leaf area of wheat cultivars at the grain filling stage showed that the leaf area of irrigation 0 was the smallest (18.15 cm2 on average), the leaf area of irrigation 1 was 20.34 cm2, and the leaf area of irrigation 2 was 24.05 cm2. With the increase in the irrigation times, the volume weight of wheat cultivars declined, the number of infertile spikelet dropped, and the plant height gradually increased. In conclusion, every decrease of one time of irrigation times, there will be loss of yield about 60.00 kg

Selection and Breeding of Drought Resistant, Water-saving and High-yield Wheat Variety Cangmai 028

Cangmai 028 was selected and bred according to the climatic characteristic of the winter wheat in Heilonggang Basin taking 98 (083) as the female parent and the Canghe 030 as the male parent by “two-row parallel alternate selection” method. Cangmai 028 has characteristics of high resistance, water-saving, high and stable yield, and rich genetic background. This study elaborated selection and breeding background and methods, characteristics, quality, and yield of Cangmai 028

Ferroelectric Domain Intrinsic Radiation Resistance of Lithium Niobate Ferroelectric Single−Crystal Film

The study of the properties of ferroelectric materials against irradiation has a long history. However, anti−irradiation research on the ferroelectric domain has not been carried out. In this paper, the irradiation of switched domain structure is innovatively proposed. The switched domain of 700 nm lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) thin film remains stable after gamma irradiation from 1 krad to 10 Mrad, which was prepared by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). In addition, the changing law of domain wall resistivity is explored through different sample voltages, and it is verified that the irradiated domain wall conductivity is still larger than the domain. This domain wall current (DWC) property can be applied to storage, logic, sensing, and other devices. Based on these, a ferroelectric domain irradiation resistance model is established, which explains the reason at an atomic level. The results open a possibility for exploiting ferroelectric materials as the foundation in the application of space and nuclear fields