Oestrogen receptor-α variant mRNA expression in primary human breast tumours and matched lymph node metastases

We have shown previously that the relative expression of a truncated oestrogen receptor-α variant mRNA (ER clone 4) is significantly increased in axillary node-positive primary breast tumours compared with node-negative tumours. In this study, we have examined the relative expression of clone 4-truncated, exon 5-deleted and exon 7-deleted oestrogen receptor-α variant mRNAs in 15 primary breast tumour samples and in synchronous axillary lymph node metastases. Overall, there were no significant differences between the primary tumours and the matched metastases in the relative expression of these three specific variant mRNAs. Furthermore, the pattern of all deleted oestrogen receptor-α variant mRNAs appeared conserved between any primary and its matched secondary tumour. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig

The roles of SRA1 gene in breast cancer

Deep insight on The roles of SRA1 gene in breast cancer

A separated representation of an error indicator for the mesh refinement process under the proper generalized decomposition framework

[EN] Today industries do not only require fast simulation techniques but also verification techniques for the simulations. The proper generalized decomposition (PGD) has been situated as a suitable tool for fast simulation for many physical phenomena. However, so far, verification tools for the PGD are under development. The PGD approximation error mainly comes from two different sources. The first one is related with the truncation of the PGD approximation and the second one is related with the discretization error of the underlying numerical technique. In this work we propose a fast error indicator technique based on recovery techniques, for the discretization error of the numerical technique used by the PGD technique, for refinement purposes.Authors 5 and 6 thank the financial support of the research Project DPI2013-46317-R of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain). The funding from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2012/023) are also acknowledged. These authors also thank the support of the Framework Programme 7 Initial Training Network Funding under Grant number 289361 "Integrating Numerical Simulation and Geometric Design Technology".Nadal, E.; Leygue, A.; Chinesta, F.; Beringhier, M.; Ródenas, J.; Fuenmayor Fernández, FJ. (2015). A separated representation of an error indicator for the mesh refinement process under the proper generalized decomposition framework. Computational Mechanics. 55(2):251-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-014-1097-yS251266552Ammar A, Mokdad B, Chinesta F, Keunings R (2006) A new family of solvers for some classes of multidimensional partial differential equations encountered in kinetic theory modeling of complex fluids. J Non-Newton Fluid Mech 139:153–176Ammar A, Mokdad B, Chinesta F, Keunings R (2007) A new family of solvers for some classes of multidimensional partial differential equations encountered in kinetic theory modelling of complex fluids. J Non-Newton Fluid Mech 144:98–121Chinesta F, Ladeveze P, Cueto E (2011) A short review on model order reduction based on proper generalized decomposition. Arch Comput Methods Eng 18:395–404Giner E, Bognet B, Ródenas JJ, Leygue A, Fuenmayor FJ, Chinesta F (2013) The proper generalized decomposition (PGD) as a numerical procedure to solve 3D cracked plates in linear elastic fracture mechanics. Int J Solids Struct 50:1710–1720Chinesta F, Ammar A, Leygue A, Keunings R (2011) An overview of the proper generalized decomposition with applications in computational rheology. J Non-Newton Fluid Mech 166(11):578–592Ammar A, Chinesta F, Diez P, Huerta A (2010) An error estimator for separated representations of highly multidimensional models. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 199(25–28):1872–1880Moitinho de Almeida JP (2013) A basis for bounding the errors of proper generalised decomposition solutions in solid mechanics. Int J Numer Methods Eng 94:961–984Ladevèze P, Chamoin L (2011) On the verification of model reduction methods based on the proper generalized decomposition. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 200:2032–2047Ladevèze P, Leguillon D (1983) Error estimate procedure in the finite element method and applications. SIAM J Numer Anal 20(3):485–509Babuška I, Rheinboldt WC (1978) A-posteriori error estimates for the finite element method. Int J Numer Methods Eng 12(10):1597–1615Ródenas JJ, Tur M, Fuenmayor FJ, Vercher A (2007) Improvement of the superconvergent patch recovery technique by the use of constraint equations: the SPR-C technique. Int J Numer Methods Eng 70(6):705–727Díez P, Parés N, Huerta A (2003) Recovering lower bounds of the error by postprocessing implicit residual a posteriori error estimates. Int J Numer Methods Eng 56(10):1465–1488Bognet B, Bordeu F, Chinesta F, Leygue A, Poitou A (2012) Advanced simulation of models defined in plate geometries: 3D solutions with 2D computational complexity. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 201–204:1–12Bognet B, Leygue A, Chinesta F (2014) Separated representations of 3D elastic solutions in shell geometries. Adv Model Simul Eng Sci 1(1):1–4Ghnatios C, Chinesta F, Binetruy C (2013) 3D modeling of squeeze flows occurring in composite laminates. Int J Mater Form 9(1):1–11Zienkiewicz OC, Zhu JZ (1987) A simple error estimator and adaptive procedure for practical engineering analysis. Int J Numer Methods Eng 24(2):337–357Chinesta F, Keunings R, Leygue A (2013) The proper generalized decomposition for advanced numerical simulations: a primer. Springer Publishing Company, New York IncorporatedDonea J, Huerta A (2002) Finite element methods for flow problems. Wiley, New YorkGonzalez D, Cueto E, Chinesta F, Diez P, Huerta A (2013) SUPG-based stabilization of proper generalized decompositions for high-dimensional advection-diffusion equations. Int J Numer Methods Eng 94(13):1216–1232Chinesta F, Ammar A, Cueto E (2010) Recent advances and new challenges in the use of the proper generalized decomposition for solving multidimensional models. Arch Comput Methods Eng 17(4):327–350Chinesta F, Leygue A, Bordeu F, Aguado JV, Cueto E, Gonzalez D, Alfaro I, Ammar A, Huerta A (2013) PGD-based computational vademecum for efficient design, optimization and control. Arch Comput Methods Eng 20:31–59Zienkiewicz OC, Zhu JZ (1992) The superconvergent patch recovery and a posteriori error estimates. Part 1: The recovery technique. Int J Numer Methods Eng 33(7):1331–1364Zienkiewicz OC, Zhu JZ (1992) The superconvergent patch recovery and a posteriori error estimates. Part 2: Error estimates and adaptivity. Int J Numer Methods Eng 33(7):1365–1382Kvamsdal T, Okstad KM (1998) Error estimation based on superconvergent patch recovery using statically admissible stress fields. Int J Numer Methods Eng 42(3):443–472Wiberg NE, Abdulwahab F (1993) Patch recovery based on superconvergent derivatives and equilibrium. Int J Numer Methods Eng 36(16):2703–2724Wiberg NE, Abdulwahab F, Ziukas S (1994) Enhanced superconvergent patch recovery incorporating equilibrium and boundary conditions. Int J Numer Methods Eng 37(20):3417–3440Blacker T, Belytschko T (1994) Superconvergent patch recovery with equilibrium and conjoint interpolant enhancements. Int J Numer Methods Eng 37(3):517–536Ródenas JJ, González-Estrada OA, Tarancón JE, Fuenmayor FJ (2008) A recovery-type error estimator for the extended finite element method based on singular+smooth stress field splitting. Int J Numer Methods Eng 76(4):545–571Ródenas JJ, González-Estrada OA, Díez P, Fuenmayor FJ (2010) Accurate recovery-based upper error bounds for the extended finite element framework. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 199(37–40):2607–2621Nadal E, (2014) Cartesian grid FEM (cgFEM): high performance h-adaptive FE analysis with efficient error control. Application to structural shape optimization. PhD thesis, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaKarihaloo BL, Xiao QZ (2003) Modelling of stationary and growing cracks in FE framework without remeshing: a state-of-the-art review. Comput Struct 81(3):119–129González-Estrada OA, Ródenas JJ, Chinesta F, Fuenmayor FJ (2013) Enhanced error estimator based on a nearly equilibrated moving least squares recovery technique for FEM and XFEM. Comput Mech 52:321–344Fuenmayor FJ, Oliver JL (1996) Criteria to achieve nearly optimal meshes in the h-adaptive finite element mehod. 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A proper generalized decomposition approach for high-order problems

En este artículo se desarrollan dos aproximaciones distintas para la resolución de problemas de alto orden mediante métodos de descomposición propia generalizada (PGD, del inglés Proper Generalized Decomposition ). La primera está basada en el uso de técnicas de colocación y polinomios de Chebyshev, mientras que la segunda se basa en el uso de polinomios de Hermite en el marco de una formulación de Galerkin. Ambas poseen ventajas e inconvenientes, que se analizan en detalle con la ayuda de distintos problemas clásicos de validación.In this paper two different approximations for the solution of high-order problems by proper generalized decompositions (PGD) are developed. The first one is based upon the use of collocation techniques, along with Chebyshev polynomials, while the second employs Hermite polynomials in a Galerkin framework. Both approaches having pros and cons, they are studied with the help of some classical benchmark tests.Peer Reviewe

Relationship of coregulator and oestrogen receptor isoform expression to de novo tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer

This study addresses the hypothesis that altered expression of oestrogen receptor-beta and/or altered relative expression of coactivators and corepressors of oestrogen receptors are associated with and may be mechanisms of de novo tamoxifen resistance in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer. All cases were oestrogen receptor +, node negative, primary breast tumours from patients who later had no disease progression (tamoxifen sensitive) or whose disease progressed while on tamoxifen (tamoxifen resistant). Using an antibody to oestrogen receptor-beta that detects multiple forms of this protein (total) but not an antibody that detects only full-length oestrogen receptor-beta 1, it was found that high total oestrogen receptor beta protein expressors were more frequently observed in tamoxifen sensitive tumours than resistant tumours (Fisher's exact test, P=0.046). However, no significant differences in the relative expression of oestrogen receptor β2, oestrogen receptor β5 and full-length oestrogen receptor β1 RNA in the tamoxifen sensitive and resistant groups were found. Also, when the relative expression of two known coactivators, steroid receptor RNA activator and amplified in breast cancer 1 RNA to the known corepressor, repressor of oestrogen receptor activity RNA, was examined, no significant differences between the tamoxifen sensitive and resistant groups were found. Altogether, there is little evidence for altered coregulators expression in breast tumours that are de novo tamoxifen resistant. However, our data provide preliminary evidence that the expression of oestrogen receptor β protein isoforms may differ in primary tumours of breast cancer patients who prove to have differential sensitivity to tamoxifen therapy

Digital energy visualizations in the workplace: the e-Genie tool

Building management systems are designed for energy managers; there are few energy-feedback systems designed to engage staff. A tool, known as e-Genie, was created with the purpose of engaging workplace occupants with energy data and supporting them to take action to reduce energy use. Building on research insights within the field, e-Genie’s novel approach encourages users to make plans to meet energy-saving goals, supports discussion and considers social energy behaviours (e.g. discussing energy issues, taking part in campaigns) as well as individual actions. A field-based study of e-Genie indicated that visualizations of energy data were engaging and that the discussion ‘Pinboard’ was particularly popular. Pre- and post-survey (N = 77) evaluation of users indicated that people were significantly more concerned about energy issues and reported engaging more in social energy behaviour after about two weeks of e-Genie being installed. Concurrently, objective measures of electricity use decreased over the same period, and continued decreasing over subsequent weeks. Indications are that occupant-facing energy-feedback visualizations can be successful in reducing energy use in the workplace; furthermore, supporting social energy behaviour in the workplace is likely to be a useful direction for promoting action

In-plane/out-of-plane separated representations of updated Lagrangian descriptions of viscoplastic flow models in plate domains

A new efficient updated Lagrangian strategy for numerical simulations of material forming processes is presented. The basic ingredient is the tensorial decomposition of the velocity field into a finite sum of in-plane and an out-of-plane components, giving rise to an equivalent computational complexity of some two-dimensional problems and some one-dimensional ones (therefore, much less than the true three-dimensional complexity of the original problem). This is efficiently achieved by using Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) techniques, which are here employed in an updated Lagrangian framework for the very first time. This updated Lagrangian nature of the method needs the use of a robust numerical integration technique (in this case, the Stabilized Conforming Nodal Integration has been chosen) for addressing the highly distorted projected meshes. The resulting strategy is of general purpose, although it is especially well suited for addressing models defined in plate or shell (in general, parallelepipedic) domains. The basics of the just-developed method are shown, together with some numerical examples to show the potential of the technique

Digital energy visualisations in the workplace: the e-Genie tool

Building management systems are designed for energy managers; there are few energy feedback systems designed to engage staff. A tool, known as e-Genie, was developed to engage workplace occupants with energy data and support them to take action to reduce energy use. Building on research insights within the field, e-Genie’s novel approach encourages users to make plans to meet energy saving goals, supports discussion, and considers social energy behaviours (e.g. discussing energy issues, taking part in campaigns) as well as individual actions. A field based study of e-Genie indicated that visualisations of energy data were engaging and that the discussion ‘Pinboard’ was particularly popular. Pre- and post survey (N = 77) evaluation of users indicated that people were significantly more concerned about energy issues and reported engaging more in social energy behaviour after ~two weeks of e-Genie being installed. Concurrently, objective measures of electricity use decreased over the same period, and continued decreasing over subsequent weeks. Indications are that occupant facing energy feedback visualisations can be successful in reducing energy use in the workplace; furthermore supporting social energy behaviour in the workplace is likely to be a useful direction for promoting action