Gouvernance sur le territoire. Un regard attentif à la configuration du pouvoir

Il s’agit moins de questionner épistémologiquement la notion de gouvernance que de la questionner dans une réalité sociologique tant théorique, qu’empirique. Cette réflexion s’inscrit au coeur de la condition moderne celle qui, au sens de Touraine (1992), réunit Raison et Sujet. Dès lors, l’individu moderne prend part d’une culture politique en émergence construite sur la base de l’individualisme où le Sujet peut prétendre à la maîtrise de la chose publique ce que la gouvernance semble permettre. Afin de poser ces réflexions, une étude de cas sera présentée sous la forme de deux terrains situés au Bas-Saint-Laurent (Québec) s’étant engagé dans une réflexion autour d’une possible mise en place d’un projet collectif (à l’échelle locale) de développement à caractère économique et social tout en profitant et protégeant les ressources naturelles; l’outil français Parc National Régional est avancé. En s’appuyant sur ces terrains nous constatons rapidement que le passage entre des systèmes d’actions politiques dont les normes sont établies depuis longtemps et d’un outil politique de gouvernance se heurte à des principes d’action divergents.Over the objective of questioning the epistemic foundation of the governance notion, we aim to resituate it in a sociological reality as much theoretical as empirical. This thought found its roots inside the modern condition, for which following Touraine (1992), joins together Reason and Subject. Consequently, the modern individual take part in an emerging political culture built on the basis of individualism where Subject can pretend to be part in res publica. Governance seems to allow that new political culture. In order to explore these ideas, a case study will be presented around two fields in Bas-Saint-Laurent area (Québec) where two populations are engaged in developing a collective project linking economic and social matter while integrating the protection of natural resources; the French tool Parc National Régional is evaluated. Taking those results as a starting point we note that the passage between systems of political actions whose standards are well established and to a political tool like governance runs up against different principles of action

Coherence betwwen 19th century sperm whale distributions and satellite-derived pigments in the tropical Pacific

It has often been suggested that, given their large food requirements, sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus distributions should reflect the distribution of productive ocean environments, and it seems therefore that chlorophyll concentration might be a good indicator of sperm whale distribution. To examine the existence of such a relationship, and to determine over which sclaes it occurs, sperm whale density was correlated with phytoplankton pigment concentration over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Sperm whale distribution was detrmined using records of kills from 19th century Yankee whaling, and the distribution of pigment concentration from satellite colour observations averaged over 8yr interval. These measures were compared over scales of 220km square to 1780km square. The distribution of sperm whales in the temperature and tropical Pacific Ocean was associated with distributions of phytoplankton pigment over every spatial scale considered, and the coefficient of correlation increased with increasing spatial scale. However, a few exceptions to this scheme were found, implying that other factors would be of importance in some regions. This study confirmed the existence of space lag and a time lag between a peak in chlorophyll concentration and a peak in sperm whale density. It also demonstrated that over large spatial scales, and when the data are averaged over large temporal scales, chlorophyll concentration is a good indicator of sperm whale distribution and that over these scales ocean colour recorded from space could help predict areas of high or low sperm whale density

General health and residential proximity to the coast in Belgium : results from a cross-sectional health survey

The health risks of coastal areas have long been researched, but the potential benefits for health are only recently being explored. The present study compared the general health of Belgian citizens a) according to the EU's definition of coastal ( 50 km), and b) between eight more refined categories of residential proximity to the coast ( 250 km). Data was drawn from the Belgian Health Interview Survey (n = 60,939) and investigated using linear regression models and mediation analyses on several hypothesized mechanisms. Results indicated that populations living 50-100 km. Four commonly hypothesized mechanisms were considered but no indirect associations were found: scores for mental health, physical activity levels and social contacts were not higher at 0-5 km from the coast, and air pollution (PM ic , concentrations) was lower at 0-5 km from the coast but not statistically associated with better health. Results are controlled for typical variables such as age, sex, income, neighbourhood levels of green and freshwater blue space, etc. The spatial urban-rural-nature mosaic at the Belgian coast and alternative explanations are discussed. The positive associations between the ocean and human health observed in this study encourage policy makers to manage coastal areas sustainably to maintain associated public health benefits into the future

De la mer à la viande

Depuis une dizaine d’années la viande de phoque issue de chasses non autochtones est en vogue au Québec. Cette observation intrigue en raison de la longue controverse internationale qui a conduit à disqualifier cette chasse, réputée cruelle, et à limiter fortement la marchandisation des produits issus des phoques. Mais à partir des années 2000, favorisés par des changements pluriels, des acteurs ont engagé un processus de requalification de cette viande aux Îles de la Madeleine (archipel situé dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent). La série photographique présentée dans cet article est issue d’une ethnographie conduite en 2019. Elle vise à décrire les processus adoptés pour renommer et recatégoriser ces animaux sauvages, les phoques, jusqu’à en faire un produit alimentaire désirable. L’enquête révèle les ambiguïtés dans les statuts et catégories des phoques au Canada et au Québec : animaux du monde marin, ils sont transformés, par les lieux, normes et techniques utilisés, en une viande vendue en ville en boucherie comme en poissonnerie.Seal meat is becoming trendy in Quebec for the past ten years. This observation is intriguing because of the long international controversy that has led to the disqualification of this hunt, which is reputedly cruel, and to severely limit the commercialization of seal products. However, from the 2000s, encouraged by several changes, some stakeholders have taken a process of requalification of this meat in the Magdalen Islands (an archipelago located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence). The photographic series presented in this article is the result of an ethnography conducted in 2019. Its objective is to describe the processes adopted to rename and re-categorize these wild animals, seals, to make them a desirable food product. The survey reveals ambiguities in the status and categories of seals in Canada and Quebec: as animals of the marine world, they are transformed, by the places, standards and techniques used, into meat sold in cities in butcher shops and fish markets

Slowly rotating voids in cosmology

We consider a spacetime consisting of an empty void separated from an almost Friedmann-Lema\^\i tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) dust universe by a spherically symmetric, slowly rotating shell which is comoving with the cosmic dust. We treat in a unified manner all types of the FLRW universes. The metric is expressed in terms of a constant characterizing the angular momentum of the shell, and parametrized by the comoving radius of the shell. Treating the rotation as a first order perturbation, we compute the dragging of inertial frames as well as the apparent motion of distant stars within the void. Finally, we discuss, in terms of in principle measurable quantities, 'Machian' features of the model.Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures, REVTex, accepted for publication in Class.Quant.Gravit

Approximation of the critical buckling factor for composite panels

This article is concerned with the approximation of the critical buckling factor for thin composite plates. A new method to improve the approximation of this critical factor is applied based on its behavior with respect to lamination parameters and loading conditions. This method allows accurate approximation of the critical buckling factor for non-orthotropic laminates under complex combined loadings (including shear loading). The influence of the stacking sequence and loading conditions is extensively studied as well as properties of the critical buckling factor behavior (e.g concavity over tensor D or out-of-plane lamination parameters). Moreover, the critical buckling factor is numerically shown to be piecewise linear for orthotropic laminates under combined loading whenever shear remains low and it is also shown to be piecewise continuous in the general case. Based on the numerically observed behavior, a new scheme for the approximation is applied that separates each buckling mode and builds linear, polynomial or rational regressions for each mode. Results of this approach and applications to structural optimization are presented

Étude concernant une aire marine protégée aux Îles de la Madeleine : caractérisation de la communauté et identification des attentes et préoccupations relativement à une aire marine protégée aux Îles de la Madeleine : volume 2

Penser un projet d’aire marine protégée (AMP), c’est penser le territoire, un territoire en grande partie physique, biologique, naturel, mais aussi habité. Dès lors, en quoi ce territoire interagit-il avec ses habitants? Qu’est-ce que ce territoire produit (et porte) en termes de culture, de liens sociaux, de patrimoine? Teinte-t-il les habitants des lieux et a-t-il un rôle à jouer dans la dynamique sociale? C’est à ces questions que le volet social d’une étude plus large mandatée par les gouvernements du Québec et du Canada dans le cadre d’une éventuelle AMP aux îles de la Madeleine a été amorcé. Considérant que le bon déroulement d’un tel projet est favorisé par son ancrage dans la communauté et le territoire concernés, les enquêtes réalisées à l’été 2012 (voir encadré 1) ont abordé différents aspects permettant de cerner l’identité territoriale des îles de la Madeleine auprès des habitants et des groupes/institutions. Une soixantaine d’entretiens ont ainsi été conduits. Ils visaient à cerner le territoire tel que vécu par ceux qui l’habitent au quotidien (dans sa spatialité, son esthétisme, son immatérialité, comme dans ses aspects « utilitaires » ou récréatifs) et de comprendre les enjeux de développement (économiques, sociaux, environnementaux) tels qu’exprimés par les acteurs. Nous présentons brièvement les éléments clés issus de l’analyse

APP metabolism regulates tau proteostasis in human cerebral cortex neurons.

Accumulation of Aβ peptide fragments of the APP protein and neurofibrillary tangles of the microtubule-associated protein tau are the cellular hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate the relationship between APP metabolism and tau protein levels and phosphorylation, we studied human-stem-cell-derived forebrain neurons with genetic forms of AD, all of which increase the release of pathogenic Aβ peptides. We identified marked increases in intracellular tau in genetic forms of AD that either mutated APP or increased its dosage, suggesting that APP metabolism is coupled to changes in tau proteostasis. Manipulating APP metabolism by β-secretase and γ-secretase inhibition, as well as γ-secretase modulation, results in specific increases and decreases in tau protein levels. These data demonstrate that APP metabolism regulates tau proteostasis and suggest that the relationship between APP processing and tau is not mediated solely through extracellular Aβ signaling to neurons.This research was supported by grants from Alzheimer’s Research UK and the Wellcome Trust (to F.J.L.) and core funding to the Gurdon Trust from the Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK. N.S. was supported by a Woolf-Fisher Trust (NZ) PhD studentship. H.Z. was supported by the Wolfson Centre at UCL, and the UCLH Dementia BRU provided financial support for the collection of patient materials. F.J.L. is a Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator, K.B. is a Torsten So¨ derberg Academy Professor, and H.Z. is a Wallenberg Academy Fellow.This is the final version. It was first published by Elsevier at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715003599