Costing study of two-year accelerated honours degrees

Report to HEFCE by Liz Hart Associates. "[This] study had two key objectives: to provide evidence of the impact of two-year accelerated honours degrees on course costs; to make comparisons with the costs of comparable degrees delivered through the traditional three-year route; and, in addition, the study was to consider any barriers to the possibility of expansion of two-year accelerated honours degrees... The indicative cost comparisons and institutional modelling in this study clearly show the potential for cost savings represented by two-year accelerated honours degrees. However, the realisation of these savings presents further challenges for institutions and the study makes recommendations to HEFCE as to how some of these might be addressed." - pp 3-4

My little girl

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/2199/thumbnail.jp

Single-use primary capture technology with the promise to deliver new standards for the economics, convenience and reliability of mAb bioprocessing

Product capture chromatography has been crucial in the process development and manufacture of mAb therapeutics over the past 20 years, and in particular Protein A affinity. Chromatography is a step that has had a lot of process development time attributed to getting packed beds to perform to their maximum capability and most of the optimisation stems from limitations of the inherent media and its pack form, such as mass transfer & pressure drop limitations, channeling and bead-wall support effects. The limited throughput that this media offers has prevented this unit operation from being economically accessible in a single-use format. Here we present 3 case studies of work using this a novel nanofibre adsorbent which takes the well-developed performance characteristics of chromatography utilising the same chemical base materials and process infrastructure and delivers a productivity improvement of 50-fold while maintaining product CQAs. This huge throughput advantage enables the drug manufacture to choose whether they want to reduce this unit process size such that the chromatography cartridge’s lifetime (in terms of cycles) can be exhausted over a single batch, with the aim of making in single-use operation economically feasible, or whether they what to trade that off with operating their unit operation in a significantly reduced time period. The goal of this is not just to reduce COGs associated with chromatography, but to enable new overall processing strategies to be employed giving drug manufacturers greater flexibility in their choice of operations and thereby maximising the productivity of new and existing drug manufacturing facilities. The work presented here explores the physical properties that enable this high productivity operation and discusses the resulting product characterisation and process considerations. The industrial suitability of the nanofibre technology has been tested across a 1,000x increase in scale. Initial development work focused on high-throughput screening studies on the Tecan liquid handling system (10-50μL) and lab scale (125μL-1mL nanofibre volume). Run times of less than 3 minutes allowed the impact of key process parameters on quality attributes such as host cell protein and product concentration to be quickly optimised. This work was then scaled to a pilot purification of a 50L CHO cell culture in a single batch. In this initial feasibility study, using a 10mL prototype housing unit, a productivity of 460g/L/h was achieved, with a recovery yield over 90%. A 3-log reduction in host cell proteins was also maintained over 200 cycles, and the Protein A leaching was less than 7ppm. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Nevada Test Site-Directed Research, Development, and Demonstration

The Nevada Test Site-Directed Research, Development, and Demonstration (SDRD) program completed a very successful year of research and development activities in FY 2005. Fifty new projects were selected for funding this year, and five FY 2004 projects were brought to conclusion. The total funds expended by the SDRD program were $5.4 million, for an average per project cost of just under$100,000. Two external audits of SDRD accounting practices were conducted in FY 2005. Both audits found the program's accounting practices consistent with the requirements of DOE Order 413.2A, and one included the observation that the NTS contractor ''did an exceptional job in planning and executing year-start activities.'' Highlights for the year included: the filing of 18 invention disclosures for intellectual property generated by FY 2005 projects; programmatic adoption of 17 FY 2004 SDRD-developed technologies; participation in the tri-lab Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) and SDRD program review that was broadly attended by NTS, NNSA, LDRD, and U.S. Department of Homeland Security representatives; peer reviews of all FY 2005 projects; and the successful completion of 55 R&D projects, as presented in this report

Critical X-ray Scattering Studies of Jahn-Teller Phase Transitions in TbV1−x_{1-x}Asx_{x}O4_{4}

The critical behaviour associated with cooperative Jahn-Teller phase transitions in TbV$_{1-x}$As$_{x}$O$_{4}$ (where \textit{x} = 0, 0.17, 1) single crystals have been studied using high resolution x-ray scattering. These materials undergo continuous tetragonal $\to$ orthorhombic structural phase transitions driven by Jahn-Teller physics at T$_C$ = 33.26(2) K, 30.32(2) K and 27.30(2) K for \textit{x} = 0, 0.17 and 1 respectively. The orthorhombic strain was measured close to the phase transition and is shown to display mean field behavior in all three samples. Pronounced fluctuation effects are manifest in the longitudinal width of the Bragg scattering, which diverges as a power law, with an exponent given by $x=0.45 \pm 0.04$, on approaching the transition from either above or below. All samples exhibited twinning; however the disordered x = 0.17 sample showed a broad distribution of twins which were stable to relatively low temperatures, well below T$_C$. This indicates that while the orthorhombic strain continues to develop in a conventional mean field manner in the presence of disorder, twin domains are easily pinned by the quenched impurities and their associated random strains.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

The kinematic component of the cosmological redshift

It is widely believed that the cosmological redshift is not a Doppler shift. However, Bunn & Hogg have recently pointed out that to settle properly this problem, one has to transport parallelly the velocity four-vector of a distant galaxy to the observer's position. Performing such a transport along the null geodesic of photons arriving from the galaxy, they found that the cosmological redshift is purely kinematic. Here we argue that one should rather transport the velocity four-vector along the geodesic connecting the points of intersection of the world-lines of the galaxy and the observer with the hypersurface of constant cosmic time. We find that the resulting relation between the transported velocity and the redshift of arriving photons is not given by a relativistic Doppler formula. Instead, for small redshifts it coincides with the well known non-relativistic decomposition of the redshift into a Doppler (kinematic) component and a gravitational one. We perform such a decomposition for arbitrary large redshifts and derive a formula for the kinematic component of the cosmological redshift, valid for any FLRW cosmology. In particular, in a universe with Omega_m = 0.24 and Omega_Lambda = 0.76, a quasar at a redshift 6, at the time of emission of photons reaching us today had the recession velocity v = 0.997c. This can be contrasted with v = 0.96c, had the redshift been entirely kinematic. Thus, for recession velocities of such high-redshift sources, the effect of deceleration of the early Universe clearly prevails over the effect of its relatively recent acceleration. Last but not least, we show that the so-called proper recession velocities of galaxies, commonly used in cosmology, are in fact radial components of the galaxies' four-velocity vectors. As such, they can indeed attain superluminal values, but should not be regarded as real velocities.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure; matches the version published in MNRA

Dialysis service in the embattled Tigray region of Ethiopia: A call to action

Haemodialysis is extremely limited in low-income countries. Access to haemodialysis is further curtailed in areas of active conflict and political instability. Haemodialysis in the Tigray region of Ethiopia has been dramatically affected by the ongoing civil war. Rapid assessment from the data available at Ayder Hospital\u27s haemodialysis unit registry, 2015-2021, shows that enrollment of patients in the haemodialysis service has plummeted since the war broke out. Patient flow has decreased by 37.3% from the previous yearly average. This is in contrary to the assumption that enrollment would increase because patients could not travel to haemodialysis services in the rest of the country due to the complete blockade. Compared to the prewar period, the mortality rate has doubled in the first year after the war broke out, i.e., 28 deaths out of 110 haemodialysis recipients in 2020 vs. 43 deaths out of 81 haemodialysis recipients in the year 2021. These untoward outcomes reflect the persistent interruption of haemodialysis supplies, lack of transportation to the hospital, lack of financial resources, and the unavailability of basic medications due to the war and the ongoing economic and humanitarian blockade of Tigray in Northern Ethiopia. In the setting of this medical catastrophe, the international community should mobilize to advocate for resumption of life-saving haemodialysis treatment in Ethiopia\u27s Tigray region and put pressure on the Ethiopian government to allow the passage of life-saving medicines, essential medical equipment, and consumables for haemodialysis into Tigray

Why nanofibers are a good adsorptive surface – fundamental understanding and industrial applications for mAb bioprocessing

Over the years, chromatography has proven to be a powerful and versatile technique for the purification of high value biotherapeutics. Yet, today’s preparative chromatography of biologics still, in principle, looks the same as it did several decades ago. Any improvements made have been incremental; constrained by the stationary phase format (porous beads), associated column size (bed height and pressure drop), and historical modes of operation. To address future manufacturing challenges such as high cost of goods, diversity in product portfolios, market dynamics and manufacturing flexibility, new, more radical approaches to the development of chromatography materials and towards associated modes of operations are needed. With the biotechnology industry maturing, wide spread adoption of new high tech tools/products such as high throughput analytics, automated process control, single use materials and real time data analysis is already taking place, which in turn will lead towards revisiting and a subsequent improvement of how chromatography will be operated in the future. Examples of such improvements that are already considered include high productivity operations such as simulated moving bed and rapid, or extreme, cycling regimes. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

A shorter working week: A radical and pragmatic proposal

Transition to a shorter working week