Reflect, React, Exchange: A Cultural Competency Co-Curriculum

Cultural competency serves as key component to medical training and education and increasing interest in international health experiences denotes a recent need to respond to globalized health and populations. Reflect, React, Exchange (RRE) is a co-curriculum aims to provide a revised and integrated framework and foster awareness via experience, exchange, reflection, and dialogue at the Clinica de Familia La Romana in La Romana, Dominican Republic. RRE utilizes theories which are appropriate to the transformative learning aims and integral curricular activities of the CFLR Global Health Experience, an 8-week, global health internship experience for health science. It provides students with the opportunity to learn about public health in a resource-poor settings through clinical observations; participation in projects of public health importance; and, opportunities for cultural immersion and integration. Students are expected to complete the program with increased cultural competence. This capstone paper aims to deepen the learning experience of aspiring medical professionals in empathy and cross-cultural understanding. Reflect, React, Exchange is designed to introduce students to themes of cultural competency / humility, allowing them to self-direct and integrate their learning, as well as develop formative relationships. The program incorporates the contexts of the experience or the complexities of student and staff positionality and identity and foments a greater appreciation of socio-cultural factors and their impact in knowledge and skill-development in an international health elective. Ultimately, these abilities will improve care for patients and collaboration with colleagues of diverse origins

Parental Involvement Typologies as Related to Student Achievement.

The purpose of this study was to examine specific parenting practices in four East Tennessee counties to determine their relationships, if any, to student achievement among various demographic groups. The investigation included status variables, such as parents\u27 educational level, annual income level, and family structure. Students\u27 Normal Curve Equivalent scores on the Terra Nova Standardized Test were used to measure student achievement. The Epstein (1987) typologies were used to classify parent involvement modalities. The analysis consisted of four research questions and were tested at the .05 level of significance. Pearson\u27s product-moment, Spearman\u27s rho, and Kendall\u27s Tau B correlation coefficients were used to analyze the degree of relationship between Epstein\u27s six typologies and student achievement. A t-test was used to describe the relationship between student achievement and the number of parents in the home. One-way Analyses of Variance were used to describe the relationships between student achievement and parents\u27 educational and income levels. Kruskal Wallis tests were used to analyze differences in parental involvement by the number of parents in the home, parental income, and education levels. A Hierarchical Regression Analysis was also used to determine the extent to which parents\u27 income, educational levels, and family structure assist in predicting student achievement. The sample consisted of 413 students in grade 4 in four counties in East Tennessee. Two schools were selected from each county as a representative sample of the population. The results of this study indicate significant relationships between student achievement and the parental involvement typologies of volunteering, learning at home, decision-making, and collaborating with the community. The relationships between student achievement and parental involvement in conjunction with parents\u27 educational and income levels were also significant. Both parental involvement typologies and family demographics emphasize goals which are achieved most effectively when families and schools work together

The role of metabolism in the anti-tumor cytotoxicity of natural killer cells

Since their discovery, natural killer cells (NK) cells have been implicated as important players in cancer immunosurveillance. In recent years, researchers have taken advantage of this role by developing NK cell-based immunotherapies in the fight against cancer. While these treatments have been moderately successful against hematological malignancy, they are less effective against solid cancers. This lack of success partially results from the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment (TME). While tumors use myriad processes to evade the immune system, the avid consumption of nutrients common to NK and cancer cell metabolism and the production of toxic waste products can have significant deleterious effects on NK cell anti-tumor function. However, it may be possible to avoid some of this tumor-induced inhibition of NK cell anti-tumor function by manipulating NK cell metabolism and/or environmental conditions. Recent studies have revealed that different activation regimens can affect the metabolic dependencies of different NK cell subsets. Furthermore, studies have identified potential targets in the TME that can make the environment less hostile for infiltrating NK cells. By considering the interrelationship of NK cell metabolism and function—especially in the TME—this thesis illuminates potential strategies to modulate immunometabolic suppression. Despite the promising work already done, many gaps in the knowledge of NK cell metabolism remain. Future work will need to investigate the specific molecular mechanisms linking metabolism and function, the role of tissue-resident NK cells in cancer immunosurveillance, and the influences of chronic disease and altered systemic metabolism on NK cell anti-tumor activity

Water Oxidation by a Cytochrome P450: Mechanism and Function of the Reaction

P450cam (CYP101A1) is a bacterial monooxygenase that is known to catalyze the oxidation of camphor, the first committed step in camphor degradation, with simultaneous reduction of oxygen (O2). We report that P450cam catalysis is controlled by oxygen levels: at high O2 concentration, P450cam catalyzes the known oxidation reaction, whereas at low O2 concentration the enzyme catalyzes the reduction of camphor to borneol. We confirmed, using 17O and 2H NMR, that the hydrogen atom added to camphor comes from water, which is oxidized to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This is the first time a cytochrome P450 has been observed to catalyze oxidation of water to H2O2, a difficult reaction to catalyze due to its high barrier. The reduction of camphor and simultaneous oxidation of water are likely catalyzed by the iron-oxo intermediate of P450cam, and we present a plausible mechanism that accounts for the 1:1 borneol:H2O2 stoichiometry we observed. This reaction has an adaptive value to bacteria that express this camphor catabolism pathway, which requires O2, for two reasons: 1) the borneol and H2O2 mixture generated is toxic to other bacteria and 2) borneol down-regulates the expression of P450cam and its electron transfer partners. Since the reaction described here only occurs under low O2 conditions, the down-regulation only occurs when O2 is scarce

Social Justice Counseling and Advocacy: Developing New Leadership Roles and Competencies

The fusion of scholarship and activism represents an opportunity to reflect on ways in which counselors and psychologists can begin to address the multilevel context faced by clients and client communities. Counselors and psychologists have embraced, and sometimes resisted, the wide range of roles including that of advocate and activist. This article reflects on a process that engaged workshop participants in examining the American Counseling Association Advocacy Competencies and exploring the possibilities of advocacy on behalf of their own clients. Further, the article presents recommendations for actions developed by participants through application of workshop principles regarding social action in the larger public arena. The workshop was a part of the National Multicultural and Social Justice Leadership Academy in 2010

Nonprofit Trends and Impacts 2021: National Findings on Donation Trends from 2015 through 2020, Diversity and Representation, and First-Year Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Nonprofit organizations in the United States play a vital role delivering services, strengthening communities, and facilitating civic engagement. They are diverse in size and type, ranging from all-volunteer organizations with no revenue to multibilliondollar institutions managed by highly professionalized staff. They have diverse revenue sources, including individual donors, fees for service, and public and private institutions. Though research has illuminated much about these organizations in recent years, we lack a nationally representative portrait of the nonprofit sector detailing donation trends and who is served, where, and by whom. Our nationally representative study fills these gaps.We focus on operating 501(c)(3) public charities whose activities range from direct service provision to community building and advocacy. We exclude many service providers in specialized fields, including hospitals, schools, higher-education institutions, churches, and other houses of worship, and we exclude organizations that usually fund other organizations rather than providing services directly. This report complements studies on donation trends conducted from individual donor and sector-wide perspectives by focusing on the experiences of nonprofits, donations that they rely on, the contexts and contours of their programs, and the US communities they serve.

Flowering poration – a synergistic multi-mode antibacterial mechanism by a bacteriocin fold

Bacteriocins are a distinct family of antimicrobial proteins postulated to porate bacterial membranes. However, direct experimental evidence of pore formation by these proteins is lacking. Here we report a multi-mode poration mechanism induced by four-helix bacteriocins, epidermicin NI01 and aureocin A53. Using a combination of crystallography, spectroscopy, bioassays and nanoscale imaging, we established that individual two-helix segments of epidermicin retain antibacterial activity but each of these segments adopts a particular poration mode. In the intact protein these segments act synergistically to balance out antibacterial and hemolytic activities. The study sets a precedent of multi-mode membrane disruption advancing the current understanding of structure-activity relationships in pore-forming proteins

Observable jets from the BFKL chain

We derive a modified form of the BFKL equation which enables the structure of the gluon emissions to be studied in small $x$ deep inelastic scattering. The equation incorporates the resummation of the virtual and unresolved real gluon emissions. We solve the equation to calculate the number of small $x$ deep-inelastic events containing 0,1,2 ...resolved gluon jets, that is jets with transverse momenta $q_{T} > \mu$. We study the jet decomposition for different choices of the jet resolution parameter $\mu$.Comment: 14 pages, Latex, 13 ps figure

BEAGLE: An Application Programming Interface and High-Performance Computing Library for Statistical Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic inference is fundamental to our understanding of most aspects of the origin and evolution of life, and in recent years, there has been a concentration of interest in statistical approaches such as Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation. Yet, for large data sets and realistic or interesting models of evolution, these approaches remain computationally demanding. High-throughput sequencing can yield data for thousands of taxa, but scaling to such problems using serial computing often necessitates the use of nonstatistical or approximate approaches. The recent emergence of graphics processing units (GPUs) provides an opportunity to leverage their excellent floating-point computational performance to accelerate statistical phylogenetic inference. A specialized library for phylogenetic calculation would allow existing software packages to make more effective use of available computer hardware, including GPUs. Adoption of a common library would also make it easier for other emerging computing architectures, such as field programmable gate arrays, to be used in the future. We present BEAGLE, an application programming interface (API) and library for high-performance statistical phylogenetic inference. The API provides a uniform interface for performing phylogenetic likelihood calculations on a variety of compute hardware platforms. The library includes a set of efficient implementations and can currently exploit hardware including GPUs using NVIDIA CUDA, central processing units (CPUs) with Streaming SIMD Extensions and related processor supplementary instruction sets, and multicore CPUs via OpenMP. To demonstrate the advantages of a common API, we have incorporated the library into several popular phylogenetic software packages. The BEAGLE library is free open source software licensed under the Lesser GPL and available from http://beagle-lib.googlecode.com. An example client program is available as public domain software.This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [grant numbers DBI-0755048, DEB-0732920, DEB-1036448, DMS-0931642, EF-0331495, EF-0905606, EF-0949453]; the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers R01-HG006139, R01-GM037841, R01-GM078985, R01-GM086887, R01-NS063897]; the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [grant number BB/H011285/1]; the Wellcome Trust [grant number WT092807MA]; and Google Summer of Code

Variation and molecular evolution of HmbR, the Neisseria meningitidis haemoglobin receptor

Meningococcal disease caused by serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis remains an important health problem in many parts of the world, and there are currently no comprehensive vaccines. Poor immunogenicity, combined with immunological identity to human sialic acids, have hindered the development of a serogroup B conjugate vaccine, resulting in the development of alternative vaccine candidates, including many outer-membrane protein (OMP)-based formulations. However, the design of protein-based meningococcal vaccines is complicated by the high level of genetic and antigenic diversity of the meningococcus. Knowledge of the extent and structuring of this diversity can have implications for the use of particular proteins as potential vaccine candidates. With this in mind, the diversity of the meningococcal OMP HmbR was investigated among N. meningitidis isolates representative of major hyper-invasive lineages. In common with other meningococcal antigens, the genetic diversity of hmbR resulted from a combination of intraspecies horizontal genetic exchange and de novo mutation. Furthermore, genealogical analysis showed an association of hmbR genes with clonal complexes and the occurrence of two hmbR families, A and B. Three variable regions (VR1–VR3), located in loops 2, 3 and 4, were observed with clonal complex structuring of VR types. A minority of codons (3.9 %), located within putative surface-exposed loop regions of a 2D model, were under diversifying selection, indicating regions of the protein likely to be subject to immune attack