24 research outputs found
Проспекты АТ НДІ «РИФ - Акваапарат»
Abstract
Most vaccines and basic studies of T cell epitopes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis emphasize water-soluble proteins that are secreted into the extracellular space and presented in the context of MHC class II. Much less is known about the role of Ags retained within the cell wall. We used polyclonal T cells from infected humans to probe for responses to immunodominant Ags in the M. tuberculosis cell wall. We found that the magnitude of response to secreted or cell wall intrinsic compounds was similar among healthy controls, patients with latent tuberculosis, and patients with active tuberculosis. Individual responses to secreted Ags and cell wall extract were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.495, p = 0.001), suggesting that T cells responding to cell wall and secreted Ags are present at similar frequency. Surprisingly, T cell stimulatory factors intrinsic to the cell wall partition into organic solvents; however, these responses are not explained by CD1-mediated presentation of lipids. Instead, we find that molecules soluble in organic solvents are dependent upon MHC class II and recognized by IFN-γ–secreting CD4+ T cells. We reasoned that MHC class II–dependent Ags extracting into lipid mixtures might be found among triacylated lipoproteins present in mycobacteria. We used M. tuberculosis lacking prolipoprotein signal peptidase A (lspA), an enzyme required for lipoprotein synthesis, to demonstrate loss of polyclonal T cell responses. Our results demonstrate the use of bacterial genetics to identify lipoproteins as an unexpected and immunodominant class of cell wall–associated Ags targeted by the polyclonal human T cell response to M. tuberculosis.</jats:p
Integrating Economic Costs And Biological Traits Into Global Conservation Priorities For Carnivores
Background: Prioritization schemes usually highlight species-rich areas, where many species are at imminent risk of extinction. To be ecologically relevant these schemes should also include species biological traits into area-setting methods. Furthermore, in a world of limited funds for conservation, conservation action is constrained by land acquisition costs. Hence, including economic costs into conservation priorities can substantially improve their conservation cost-effectiveness. Methodology/Principal Findings: We examined four global conservation scenarios for carnivores based on the joint mapping of economic costs and species biological traits. These scenarios identify the most cost-effective priority sets of ecoregions, indicating best investment opportunities for safeguarding every carnivore species, and also establish priority sets that can maximize species representation in areas harboring highly vulnerable species. We compared these results with a scenario that minimizes the total number of ecoregions required for conserving all species, irrespective of other factors. We found that cost-effective conservation investments should focus on 41 ecoregions highlighted in the scenario that consider simultaneously both ecoregion vulnerability and economic costs of land acquisition. Ecoregions included in priority sets under these criteria should yield best returns of investments since they harbor species with high extinction risk and have lower mean land cost. Conclusions/Significance: Our study highlights ecoregions of particular importance for the conservation of the world's carnivores defining global conservation priorities in analyses that encompass socioeconomic and life-history factors. We consider the identification of a comprehensive priority-set of areas as a first step towards an in-situ biodiversity maintenance strategy. © 2009 Loyola et al.48Margules, C.R., Pressey, R.L., Systematic conservation planning (2000) Nature, 405, pp. 243-253Margules, C.R., Sarkar, S., (2007) Systematic conservation planning, , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 278 pCowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Rouget, M., Lombard, A.T., A conservation plan for a global biodiversity hotspot - the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa (2003) Biol Conserv, 112, pp. 191-216Smith, R.J., Goodman, P.S., Matthews, W.S., Systematic conservation planning: A review of perceived limitations and an illustration of the benefits, using a case study from Maputaland, South Africa (2006) Oryx, 40, pp. 400-410Loyola, R.D., Kubota, U., Lewinsohn, T.M., Endemic vertebrates are the most effective surrogates for identifying conservation priorities among Brazilian ecoregions (2007) Divers Distrib, 13, pp. 389-396Dinerstein, E., (1995) A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean, , Washington DC: WWF and the World Bank. 129 pBurgess, D.N., (2004) Terrestrial ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A conservation assessment, , Washington: Island Press. 483 pLoyola, R.D., Becker, C.G., Kubota, U., Haddad, C.F.B., Fonseca, C.R., Hung out to dry: Choice of priority ecoregions for conserving threatened Neotropical anurans depends on life-history traits (2008) PLoS ONE, 3 (5), pp. e2120. , doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002120Loyola, R.D., Oliveira, G., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Lewinsohn, T.M., Conservation of Neotropical carnivores under different prioritization scenarios: Mapping species traits to minimize conservation conflicts (2008) Divers Distrib, 14, pp. 949-960Loyola, R.D., Kubota, U., Fonseca, G.A.B., Lewinsohn, T.M., Key Neotropical ecoregions for conservation of terrestrial vertebrates (2009) Biodivers Conserv, 18, pp. 2017-2031Mittermeier, R.A., 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Examining parent and child agreement in the diagnosis of adolescent depression
Background: The diagnosis of depression in adolescents relies on identifying the presence of specific core and additional symptoms. Symptoms can be identified using structured or unstructured interviews and a range of questionnaire measures, which are completed by the young person and by a parent or carer. The aim of this research was to examine the inter- and intra-rater reliability of parent report and adolescent self-report of depression symptoms.
Method: In a sample of parent-child dyads, where young people aged 13-17 were referred to a mental health service for depression, we examined adolescents’ (n = 46) and parents’ (n = 46) independent responses to the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia in School-Age Children (Kaufman et al., 1997) and the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Costello & Angold, 1988).
Results: In the clinical interview, diagnostic criteria were more often met based on the adolescent’s report, and adolescents endorsed more symptoms of depression than their parents. Tentative results also suggest that parent-child agreement about specific symptoms was low. Comparing different measures of depression revealed that adolescent report on the questionnaire and interview was significantly correlated. However, there was no significant correlation between parent questionnaire and interview report.
Conclusion: These results suggest that relying solely on parents to identify depression in their children may result in young people with depression being missed and therefore untreated. Young people themselves should be encouraged and enabled to recognise the symptoms of depression, and have an established pathway to services that offer assessment and treatment
Harnessing donor unrestricted T-cells for new vaccines against tuberculosis
Immunogenetics and cellular immunology of bacterial infectious disease