1,208 research outputs found
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Lay Theories About Whether Emotion Helps or Hinders: Assessment and Effects on Emotional Acceptance and Recovery From Distress.
This investigation examined how people's beliefs about the functionality of emotion shape their emotional response and regulatory strategies when encountering distressing events. In Study 1, we present data supporting the reliability and validity of an 8-item instrument, the Help and Hinder Theories about Emotion Measure (HHTEM), designed to assess an individual's beliefs about the functionality of emotion. Participants who more strongly endorsed a Help Theory reported greater wellbeing, emotional acceptance, and use of reappraisal to regulate emotion. Participants who more strongly endorsed a Hinder Theory reported less wellbeing and more expressive suppression and substance use. In Study 2, we demonstrate that encouraging participants to view emotion as helpful affected their physiological and regulatory response to a distressing event. Participants in the Help Theory condition showed greater physiological reactivity (SCL) during a distressing film than control participants but were more accepting of their emotional response. Shortly after the film, SCL decreased for participants in the Help Theory condition. Compared to control participants, they engaged in less suppression and reported less lingering effect of the film on their mood. Together, these studies suggest that people's theories about the functionality of emotion influence their reactivity, the strategies they adopt to regulate emotion, and their ability to rebound after distressing events
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When and why people misestimate future feelings: Identifying strengths and weaknesses in affective forecasting.
People try to make decisions that will improve their lives and make them happy, and to do so, they rely on affective forecasts-predictions about how future outcomes will make them feel. Decades of research suggest that people are poor at predicting how they will feel and that they commonly overestimate the impact that future events will have on their emotions. Recent work reveals considerable variability in forecasting accuracy. This investigation tested a model of affective forecasting that captures this variability in bias by differentiating emotional intensity, emotional frequency, and mood. Two field studies examined affective forecasting in college students receiving grades on a midterm exam (Study 1, N = 643), and U.S. citizens after the outcome of the 2016 presidential election (Study 2, N = 706). Consistent with the proposed model, participants were more accurate in forecasting the intensity of their emotion and less accurate in forecasting emotion frequency and mood. Overestimation of the effect of the event on mood increased over time since the event. Three experimental studies examined mechanisms that contribute to differential forecasting accuracy. Biases in forecasting intensity were caused by changes in perceived event importance; biases in forecasting frequency of emotion were caused by changes in the frequency of thinking about the event. This is the first direct evidence mapping out strengths and weaknesses for different types of affective forecasts and the factors that contribute to this pattern. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Workplace Anger Costs Women Irrespective of Race
The current research investigated the role that a personâs race, gender, and emotional expressions play in workplace evaluations of their competence and status. Previous research demonstrates that women who express anger in the workplace are penalized, whereas men are not, and may even be rewarded. Workplace sanctions against angry women are often attributed to a backlash resulting from the violation of gender stereotypes. However, gender stereotypes may differ by race. The present study addressed this question using a between-subjects experimental design where participants (N = 630) read a vignette describing a new employee, which varied with respect to the employeeâs race (White, Black, Asian, and Latino/a/x), gender (male and female), and a prior emotional response (anger and sadness). Participants then evaluated the employeeâs competence and status. Findings revealed that men and women were both viewed as more competent when expressing anger relative to sadness, and this pattern did not differ across employee race. However, despite anger being associated with greater competence, women who violated stereotypes (i.e., expressed anger) were accorded lower status than stereotype-inconsistent (sad) men. Furthermore, exploratory analyses revealed that this pattern was consistent regardless of target and participant race. The current study replicates and extends previous research by employing an intersectional perspective and using a large, ethnically diverse sample to explore the interaction between gender and emotional expression on workplace evaluations across races
Panel: the identity and dynamics of MIS
In this panel, we address the identity and dynamics of MIS, including myths and taboos in the history of the field, interdisciplinary identities, intradisciplinary perspectives, and empirics on coherence and change in the discipline. Panelists are Frank Land, London School of Economics, UK Michael D. Myers, University of Auckland Business School, NZ Robert Zmud, Michael F. Price College of Business, University of Oklahoma, OK and Linda Levine, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, PA. Panel Moderator and Point of Contact:Tor J. LarsenThe past and the future of information systems: 1976-2006 and beyondRed de Universidades con Carreras en InformĂĄtica (RedUNCI
The stellar velocity dispersion in the inner 1.3 disk scale-lengths of the irregular galaxy NGC 4449
We present measurements of the stellar velocity dispersion in the inner 1
arcmin radius (1.3 disk scale-lengths) of the irregular galaxy NGC 4449
determined from long-slit absorption-line spectra. The average observed
dispersion is 29 +/-2 km/s, the same as predicted from NGC 4449's luminosity.
No significant rotation in the stars is detected. If we assume a maximum
rotation speed of the stars from the model determined from the gas kinematics
of Hunter et al. (2002), the ratio V_max/sigma_z measured globally is 3. This
ratio is comparable to values measured in spiral galaxies, and implies that the
stellar disk in NGC 4449 is kinematically relatively cold. The intrinsic
minor-to-major axis ratio (b/a)_0 is predicted to be in the range 0.3-0.6,
similar to values derived from the distribution of observed b/a of Im galaxies.
However, V/sigma_z measured locally is 0.5-1.1, and so the circular velocity of
NGC 4449 is comparable or less than the velocity of the stars within the
central 1.3 disk scale-lengths of the galaxy.Comment: To be published in ApJ, Nov 200
Learning and Adapting Agile Locomotion Skills by Transferring Experience
Legged robots have enormous potential in their range of capabilities, from
navigating unstructured terrains to high-speed running. However, designing
robust controllers for highly agile dynamic motions remains a substantial
challenge for roboticists. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a promising
data-driven approach for automatically training such controllers. However,
exploration in these high-dimensional, underactuated systems remains a
significant hurdle for enabling legged robots to learn performant,
naturalistic, and versatile agility skills. We propose a framework for training
complex robotic skills by transferring experience from existing controllers to
jumpstart learning new tasks. To leverage controllers we can acquire in
practice, we design this framework to be flexible in terms of their source --
that is, the controllers may have been optimized for a different objective
under different dynamics, or may require different knowledge of the
surroundings -- and thus may be highly suboptimal for the target task. We show
that our method enables learning complex agile jumping behaviors, navigating to
goal locations while walking on hind legs, and adapting to new environments. We
also demonstrate that the agile behaviors learned in this way are graceful and
safe enough to deploy in the real world.Comment: Project website: https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/twir
Translational Research and Medicine at NASA: From Earth to Space and Back Again
The Space Environment provides many challenges to the human physiology and therefore to extended habitation and exploration. Translational research and medical strategies are meeting these challenges by combining Earth based medical solutions with innovative and developmental engineering approaches. Translational methodologies are current applied to spaceflight related dysregulations in the areas of: (1) cardiovascular fluid shifts, intracranial hypertension and neuro-ocular impairment 2) immune insufficiency and suppression/viral re-expression, 3) bone loss and fragility (osteopenia/osteoporosis) and muscle wasting, and finally 4) radiation sensitivity and advanced ageing. Over 40 years of research into these areas have met with limited success due to lack of tools and basic understanding of central issues that cause physiologic maladaptaion and distrupt homeostatis. I will discuss the effects of living in space (reduced gravity, increased radiation and varying atmospheric conditions [EVA]) during long-duration, exploration-class missions and how translational research has benefited not only space exploration but also Earth based medicine. Modern tools such as telemedicine advances in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics (Omicssciences) has helped address syndromes, at the systemic level by enlisting a global approach to assessing spaceflight physiology and to develop countermeasures thereby permitting our experience in space to be translated to the Earth's medical community
Forgetting feelings: Opposite biases in reports of the intensity of past emotion and mood.
Memory for feelings is subject to fading and bias over time. In 2 studies, the authors examined whether the magnitude and direction of bias depend on the type of feeling being recalled: emotion or mood. A few days after the U.S. Presidential elections in 2008 and 2012, participants reported how they felt about the election outcome (emotion) and how they felt in general (mood). A month after the elections, participants recalled their feelings. The intensity of past emotion was recalled more accurately than the intensity of past mood. Participants underestimated the intensity of emotion but overestimated the intensity of mood. Participants' appraisals of the importance of the election, which diminished over time, contributed to underestimating the intensity of emotion. In contrast, participants' strong emotional response to the election contributed to overestimating the intensity of mood. These opposing biases have important implications for decision making and clinical assessment
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Fool me twice: How effective is debriefing in false memory studies?
Deception is often necessary in false memory studies, especially when the study aims to explore the effect of misinformation on memory. At the end of the study, participants are debriefed, but does this eliminate the influence of misinformation? In the current study, we followed up 630 participants six months after they participated in a study in which they were exposed to fabricated political news stories. We compared the memories of these Ăą continuing participantsĂą for both novel and previously seen news stories to the memories of 474 newly recruited participants. Relative to new recruits, continuing participants were less likely to report a false memory for a story that they had been previously exposed to, and they were also less likely to report a false memory for a novel fake news story. Continuing participants were more likely to report a memory for previously seen true events than novel true events. Both groups of participants reported enjoying the experience and feeling confident that they understood which stories were fabricated. Importantly, this study did not find any negative long-term effects of participating in our false memory experiment, and even exhibited some positive effects
False memories for fake news during Ireland's abortion referendum
The current study examined false memories in the week preceding the 2018 Irish abortion referendum. Participants (N = 3,140) viewed six news stories concerning campaign eventsâtwo fabricated and four authentic. Almost half of the sample reported a false memory for at least one fabricated event, with more than one third of participants reporting a specific memory of the event. âYesâ voters (those in favor of legalizing abortion) were more likely than ânoâ voters to ârememberâ a fabricated scandal regarding the campaign to vote âno,â and ânoâ voters were more likely than âyesâ voters to ârememberâ a fabricated scandal regarding the campaign to vote âyes.â This difference was particularly strong for voters of low cognitive ability. A subsequent warning about possible misinformation slightly reduced rates of false memories but did not eliminate these effects. This study suggests that voters in a real-world political campaign are most susceptible to forming false memories for fake news that aligns with their beliefs, in particular if they have low cognitive ability
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