THERMAL ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PYROLYSIS FUNCTION

Biomass-fueled pyrolysis furnace is one approach to utilizing biomass as an alternative fuel and reducing the accumulation of plastic waste, where the furnace works to heat the plastic pyrolysis reactor and the oil cycle heat exchanger simultaneously. Where plastic pyrolysis produces gas to be converted into liquid fuel, and the heat in the oil cycle is used as a reference for the ORC (organic Rankine cycle) heat source in future research. Because the furnace has just been manufactured and no experimental analysis has been carried out regarding the testing method for the output product, therefore the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the fuel use method on the volume, quality, and efficiency of pyrolysis oil, maximum oil cycle temperature, and furnace performance. In this study, the type of plastic used is PET (polyethylene terephthalate) from used mineral water bottles that have been chopped with an initial mass of 5.2 kg and poured into a 26 kg reactor which is expected to reach pyrolysis gas at a temperature of 335°C which is then cooled by fixed bed condenser with a cooling rate of 19 liters/minute. Meanwhile, in the oil cycle using SAE 20W-50 engine oil at 1.3 liters/minute, it is expected to reach oil at a temperature above 90°C. The test was carried out twice based on the method of using the fuel, where in the first experiment using coconut shell charcoal briquettes as the main fuel with a feed of 5.0 kg/hour and LPG as a burner every 20 minutes per briquette feed, while the fuel in the second experiment only use LPG. The first pyrolysis experiment obtained 645 ml of pyrolysis oil with a density of 797-869 kg/m3 and a pyrolysis efficiency of 16.125%, while the second experiment obtained 986 ml with a density of 894-928 kg/m3 and a pyrolysis efficiency of 24.65%. The maximum temperature reached by the oil cycle was 122°C in the first experiment and 95°C in the second experiment. And the performance of the furnace in the first experiment showed that the thermal efficiency of the furnace was 38.84% and 76.59% in the second experiment

ANALISIS POTENSI REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) DARI SAMPAH PADA TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN AKHIR (TPA) DI KABUPATEN TEGAL SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR INCINERATOR PIROLISIS

The garbage dumping in Tegal Regency has reached 989.8 m3/day and increasing every year. The percentage of waste in Murareja landfill is dominated by plastic waste which is 40.15%. The plastic waste will be processed by pyrolysis by utilizing Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) as its fuel. The percentage of garbage in Murareja TPA that can be used as RDF is quite high, which is 28.7%, consisting of 15.35% paper waste, 2.35% rubber / leather waste, 2% garbage cloth, 1% wood waste, and 8% plastic waste. The waste is considered potentially to be produced into RDF. The production of RDF aims to convert the combustible waste fraction from 4K1P waste (Paper, Wood, Fabrics, Rubber / Leather and Plastics) to be fueled. Therefore it is important to know how much potential of 4K1P waste to be processed into RDF, and how optimal calorific value of RDF is to be used as fuel of pyrolysis incinerator on Waste Power Generation at Murareja TPA, Tegal regency. Based on the result of the research that has been done, the theoretical value of the theoretical value of 4K1P RDF briquette is 3677.0945 - 5507.114 [kcal / kg]. From the actual data obtained with laboratory testing the value of RDF beverage caloric waste 4K1P RDF amounted to 3973.45 [kCal / kg]. The optimal calorific value of RDF required as a pyrolysis incinerator fuel is 3248.809 [kcal / kg]. Based on the results of laboratory tests, the percentage of moisture content, ash content, volatile content and carbon content are 4.68%, 11.64%, 7.81% and 75.87% respectively

Analisis Perbandingan Emisi Gas Buang Bahan Bakar Biodiesel B30 Dan Solar Dexlite Pada Mesin Diesel R175A

ABSTRAK Penggunaan bahan bakar solar di Indonesia terus meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi dan jumlah penduduk. Hal ini berdampak pada pencemaran pada lingkungan dan penurunan devisa negara akibat impor solar yang semakin tinggi. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, pemerintah telah mengembangkan biodiesel B30, yaitu bahan bakar yang diciptakan dari pencampuran solar impor dengan biodiesel sebesar 30%. Untuk mengetahui efektivitas pencampuran bahan bakar tersebut, dilakukan pengujian terhadap emisi gas buang biodiesel B30 menggunakan mesin diesel tipe R175A yang nantinya akan dibandingkan dengan emisi gas buang dari solar dexlite. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mengatur putaran mesin sebesar 1800 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2200 rpm, 2400 rpm, dan 2600 rpm serta memasang selang sensor emisi gas buang pada bagian knalpot mesin diesel. Sensor memngukur jumlah emisi gas buang untuk hidrokarbon, karbon monoksida, karbon dioksida, dan nitrogen oksida. Hasil uji emisi gas buang dari biodiesel B30 menunjukkan emisi hidrokarbon dari biodiesel B30 lebih rendah sekitar 2 – 20 ppm. Vol dari solar dexlite, emisi karbon monoksida dari biodiesel  B30 lebih rendah sekitar 0,01 – 0,05% Vol dari solar dexlite., emisi karbon dioksida dari biodiesel B30 memiliki nilai sekitar 0,1 – 0,4% Vol lebih rendah dari solar dexlite, dan emisi nitrogen oksida yang dihasilkan oleh biodiesel B30 meningkat sekitar 2 – 12 ppmVol dibandingkan dengan diesel dexlite. Secara keseluruhan, biodiesel B30 mampu menghasilkan emisi gas buang yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan solar dexlite pada mesin diesel tipe R175A. Kata kunci :  Biodiesel B30; Solar Dexlite; Emisi Gas Buang; Bahan Bakar  ABSTRACT The use of diesel fuel in Indonesia continues to increase along with increasing economic growth and population. This has an impact on environmental pollution and decrease in the country’s foreign exchange due to higher imports of diesel. To overcome this, the government has developed B30 biodiesel, which is mixing imported diesel with 30% biodiesel. To determine the effectiveness of the blending of these fuels, a test was carried out on the exhaust gas emissions of biodiesel B30 using an R175A type diesel engine which will later be compared with exhaust gas emissions from dexlite diesel. The test was carried by adjusting the engine rotational speed of 1800 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2200 rpm, 2400 rpm, and 2600 rpm and installing the exhaust gas emission sensor hose on the exhaust of the diesel engine. The sensor measures the amount of exhaust gas emissions for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. Exhaust gas emission test results from biodiesel B30 show hydrocarbon emissions of B30 biodiesel are lower by about 2 – 20 ppmVol than dexlite diesel, carbon monoxide emissions from biodiesel B30 are lower by about 0,01 – 0,05% Vol than dexlite diesel, carbon dioxide emissions from biodiesel B30 is about 0,1 – 0,4%. Vol lower than dexlite diesel, and the emission of nitrogen oxides produced by biodiesel B30 increases by about 2 – 12 ppmVol compared to dexlite diesel. Overall, biodiesel  B30 is able to produce lower exhaust emissions compared to dexlite diesel in the R175A diesel engine. Keywords : Biodiesel B30; Dexlite Diesel; Exhaust Gas Emissions; Fuel

ANALISIS SISTEM PEMBANGKIT ENERGI LISTRIK PADA SEPEDA STATIS

Pentingnya manfaat akan energi listrik bagi masyarakat Indonesia untuk kehidupan sehari - hari tidak dapat sepenuhnya disuplai oleh PLN. PLN hanya dapat mensuplai 48% pasokan listrik untuk rumah tangga, sehingga banyak rumah tangga di desa yang belum dapat menikmati energi listrik. Maka perlu adanya pengembangan energi alternatif sebagai  tambahan pasokan energi listrik rumah tangga. Salah satu energi alternatif dapat dihasilkan dari kerja mekanik. Sepeda statis merupakan alat bantu yang dapat digunakan dalam menghasilkan energi listrik. Setiap ayunan sepeda statis mampu menghasilkan suatu energi kinetik yang dapat diubah menjadi energi listrik, yaitu dengan cara menghubungkan sepeda statis ke alternator untuk menghasilkan tegangan volt DC. Tegangan yang dihasilkan akan disimpan pada akumulator (battery/aki), lalu tegangan volt DC battery dihubungkan dengan menggunakan boost converter (voltage regulator) untuk mendapatkan tegangan yang lebih tinggi. Tegangan keluaran boost converter akan dihubungkan dengan single phase fullbridge inverter untuk mengubah tegangan menjadi volt AC. Analisis sistem pembangkit energi listrik pada sepeda statis bertujuan untuk mendapatkan parameter kecepatan putaran pedal yang optimal agar waktu pengisian battery cepat penuh. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, kecepatan pedal yang didapat adalah 2000 rpm dengan kapasitas listrik sebesar 50 VA

Evaluasi Ergonomi pada Kursi Roda untuk Anak Cerebral Palsy Menggunakan Digital Human Modeling

Cerebral palsy is caused by brain damage that manifests as motor dysfunction. The most prevalent form of cerebral palsy is spastic diplegia, which causes walking difficulties. People with cerebral palsy, particularly children, require mobility aids, such as wheelchairs, to perform daily tasks. When designing wheelchairs for children with cerebral palsy, ergonomic evaluation is required to ensure that the resulting wheelchair is safe and will not pose a risk in the future. This paper investigates the use of digital human modeling to evaluate the ergonomics of wheelchairs for children with cerebral palsy. The method is used to collect samples from 5 to 18-year-old children with cerebral palsy. Digital human modeling is used to simulate and evaluate ergonomics using anthropometric data. The results obtained for the wheelchair dimensions are suitable for the 95th percentile value, while the seat length exceeds the popliteal length for the 50th percentile value. The ergonomic evaluation yielded satisfactory results for the lower back analysis parameter, and the comfort evaluation yielded satisfactory results for the 95th percentile value. In contrast, the 5th percentile value indicates knee discomfort in both the right and left knee

Modified atmosphere storage (mas) buah pisang

Healthy life style based on natural food consumption, has been implemented by the society to increase health quality. Minimally processed technology is used to slow down food decay time in the storage room. Minimally processed techology is consist of Controlled Atmosphere Storage (CAS), Modified Atmosphere Storage (MAS), Freeze Driying, and blansir. MAS is food storage technology by conditioning the air composition (especially oxygen level). Banana is an object of MAS implementation, due to its all session fruit and shorter life time. Previous MAS studies used long bean as the object and managed to improve the life time until 15 days.The purpose of this study is to implement MAS to lengthen banana life time. MAS design use Ulrich Eppinger method. Simulation of Turbulance Kinetic Energy (TKE) in the sparger and MAS installation use ANSYS 16.2. The experimental to test sparger and installation is conducted for 6 hours for the sparger and 24 hours for the installation. Afterward the correlation between parameter is calculated by using least square method. The outcome of this  research is MAS for banana in order to be used by SME with capacity of 4.77 m3, mixture time is 24 hours, TKE number in the sparger is 582.6448 J/kg, TKE number in the installation is 715.6 J/kg, oxygen level in the sparger is 5.7%, oxygen level in MAS installation is 8.5%, glucose of banana located in the storage room is 9.5%, and banana life time able to achiave 14 days.

Analisis Pengaruh Turbine Washing Terhadap Efisiensi dan Daya Pembangkit Turbin Uap

The steam turbine is one of the main components in the Geothermal Power Plant which acts as the prime mover is used to convert heat energy in steam into rotation energy. At PLTP X, steam is used to drive the turbine is in saturation conditions. The principle of the steam turbine is dry steam plant cycle. From July to August, it was known that there have been several decreases in generating power at Unit 2 at PLTP X. The efforts that can be done to overcome this problem is by turbine washing. This study aims to compare the performance of steam turbines based on thermal efficiency, isentropic efficiency and steam turbine generator power before and after turbine washing from the calculation results based on CEI/IEC 953-1, CEI/IEC 60953-3 and ASME PTC 6-2004 standards using the actual steam system operating parameter data collection, interviews and analysis. So that it gets an average increase in isentropic efficiency of 0,0564 %, thermal efficiency of 0,0082 %, the actual power generation of steam turbine is 162,72 kW and the largest power generation reaches 54.500 kW after the turbine washing steam rate of 7,5963 kg/kWh and the turbine heat rate of 3.607,3453 kJ/kWh. &nbsp

PENGARUH JENIS TERBANG TERHADAP KONSUMSI BAHAN BAKAR PESAWAT KING AIR B200

Saat ini, pemanfaatan pesawat udara dalam moda transportasi semakin meluas, tidak hanya mengambil peran sebagai media untuk transportasi penumpang, tetapi juga digunakan sebagai media untuk melakukan uji kalibrasi terhadap navigasi pendukung keselamatan penerbangan. Uji Kalibrasi di lakukan dengan membawa alat uji di dalam pesawat yang digunakan dan melakukan prosedur untuk mengkalibrasi navigasi penerbangan termasuk manuver yang dibutuhkan. Pemanfaatan pesawat yang biasanya di gunakan untuk melakukan ferry dengan fungsi kembali ke base untuk melakukan perawatan pesawat atau membawa penumpang dari satu daerah ke daerah lain. Pesawat dengan tipe dan interval waktu penggunaan yang sama akan memiliki perbedaan konsumsi bahan bakar apabila digunakan dalam jenis pemanfaatan terbang yang berbeda. Hal ini dapat dilihat dengan melakukan uji ANOVA dan t-test menggunakan SPSS. Saat dilakukan uji dengan SPSS didapatkan hasil uji t-test menunjukkan nilai Signifikan atau Sig. sebesar 0,002 sehingga hipotesa adanya perbedaan konsumsi bahan bakar saat melakukan ferry dan kalibrasi dapat di terima. Sehingga perlu di lakukan penjadwalan terbang yang baik agar setiap pesawat dapat memasuki masa perawatan rutin yang sesuai dengan waktu yang ditentukan. &nbsp

Desalinasi Air Laut Berbasis Energi Surya Sebagai Alternatif Penyediaan Air Bersih

Penelitian ini berkonsentrasi pada kemampuan alat desalinasi tipe solar still dalam menyerap energi kalor matahari dan penggunaannya dalam proses kondensasi guna memproduksi air tawar untuk keperluan masyarakat. Alat desalinasi ini terdiri dari kotak distiller dengan plat absorber dan kain yang terdapat di dalamnya, serta kaca sebagai pentransmisian. Sistem kerja berawal dari air diteteskan melalui pipa dan jatuh pada kain yang akan menyerap air. Radiasi matahari akan memanaskan plat absober melalui kaca kemudian panas plat memanaskan air pada kain hingga menjadi uap dan menempel pada permukaan dalam kaca hingga terkonsensasi menjadi air suling. Pengukuran volume minimal dan maksimal alat sebesar 5 lt dan 7 lt dilakukan selama 4 hari. Melalui penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa intensitas matahari telah ada saat cahaya matahari mulai terlihat pada pukul 6 pagi dan difusi energi kalor matahari telah mulai dimanfaatkan pada waktu tersebut. Akan tetapi kinerja alat desalinasi masih sangat rendah, hal ini terlihat dari angka efisiensi yang hanya mencapai 4,45%

Analisis Pengaruh Getaran Pompa Terhadap Aliran Fluida pada Proses Pemipaan Skala Laboratorium

Piping installations are generally used to drain fluids with the help of tools such as pumps. The pump motor causes a high enough vibration so that if it is connected to a piping installation it can cause vibrations in the pipe. If the vibration generated by the pump against the pipe is strong enough, it can cause problems such as misalignment, and others. To identify the resulting vibration. In this study, using variations in the diameter of the pipe and variations in the distance of the blockage in the clogged pipe. Variations in the diameter of the pipes used are ½”, ¾”, 1”, 1 ¼”, dan 1 ½”. And the variation of the distance of the blockage on the pipe that is plugged is 196.5 cm, 206.5 cm, 216.5 cm, 226.5 cm, and 236.5 cm. The comparison of the value of the vibration velocity becomes a reference to determine the diameter of the pipe that is suitable for installation and to find out that the clogged pipe can flow fluid. Based on the results of this study, a pipe with a diameter of ½”has the highest vibration velocity value of 6.1 mm/s and a pipe with a diameter of 1 ½” has the lowest vibration velocity value of 0.82 mm/s and in the condition of a clogged pipe the value is 1, 04 mm/s and the average value of the vibration velocity in the pipe under normal conditions is 0.7 mm/s