Some practical considerations for economical back contact formation on high efficiency solar cells

The back contact can detract from solar cell performance in a number of ways: high recombination, barrier, photovoltaic, minority carrier collection, resistance. These effects may act in a nonuniform fashion over the cell area, and complicate the analysis of photovoltaic performance aimed at a better understanding of the effects of device geometry and material and/or processing parameters. The back contact is tested by reproducing it on both sides of a substrate. The objective is to find a back contact which performs well as a back contact, can be applied cheaply to large area solar cells, fits well into a practical process sequence, does not introduce structural damage or undesirable impurities into the silicon substrate, is compatible with an effective front contact technology, permits low temperature solder contacting, adheres well to silicon, and is reliable

Digital library economics : aspects and prospects

A review of the issues surrounding the economics of and economic justification for, digital libraries

Review of \u3ci\u3e Collecting Stamps Would Have Been More Fun : Canadian Publishing and the Correspondence of Sinclair Ross, 1933-1986\u3c/i\u3e selected and with an introduction by Jordan Stouck; annotations by David Stouck

A book not just for completists, the Stoucks\u27 effort succeeds in illuminating the publishing record of one of Canada\u27s most secretive authors. For those who have not read much criticism on Ross, this book will aid in understanding one very representative mid-twentieth-century Canadian author\u27s publishing and artistic struggles. Most striking is Jordan Stouck\u27s note-perfect introduction, one that is academically rigorous yet free of jargon and platitudes. Stouck begins at, well, the beginning, in noting that Ross\u27s As For Me and My House is an originary text in western Canadian literature, although Ross himself perceived his literary career as a failure. From a publishing perspective this is true; from a literary standpoint, not exactly. Ross\u27s first novel became a best-seller, but only after it was given a boost by publishers eager to start a Canadian canon (and to profit from that), about seventeen years after its initial publication

Playing the Parts: The ‘corps morcelé’ in Alice Munro’s Lives of Girls and Women

Some feminist readings of Alice Munro’s Lives of Girls and Women have underestimated the formative influence of various uncle figures on protagonist Del Jordan’s growth as both individual and author. Marjorie Garson’s reading of the construction and subversion of various textual “wholes” (including the body as text) in the novel is useful but does not go far enough in explicating how Del reads various male figures as partial texts through which she can come to understand the body politic and abstract concepts such as death, wisdom and the power of textuality itself. Male figures contribute to Del’s active construction of an identity of unemasculated freedom, the attributes of which she selects from various people in her life, irrespective of gender. Through this unorthodox selectivity, Del escapes and subverts the binaries enforced by patriarchy

Review of \u3ci\u3e Collecting Stamps Would Have Been More Fun : Canadian Publishing and the Correspondence of Sinclair Ross, 1933-1986\u3c/i\u3e selected and with an introduction by Jordan Stouck; annotations by David Stouck

A book not just for completists, the Stoucks\u27 effort succeeds in illuminating the publishing record of one of Canada\u27s most secretive authors. For those who have not read much criticism on Ross, this book will aid in understanding one very representative mid-twentieth-century Canadian author\u27s publishing and artistic struggles. Most striking is Jordan Stouck\u27s note-perfect introduction, one that is academically rigorous yet free of jargon and platitudes. Stouck begins at, well, the beginning, in noting that Ross\u27s As For Me and My House is an originary text in western Canadian literature, although Ross himself perceived his literary career as a failure. From a publishing perspective this is true; from a literary standpoint, not exactly. Ross\u27s first novel became a best-seller, but only after it was given a boost by publishers eager to start a Canadian canon (and to profit from that), about seventeen years after its initial publication

Institutional Work of Regional Language Movements: Options for Intervention at the Regional Level Taken Brittany as an Example

According to the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, the Breton language is severely endangered. While there were over 1 million Breton speakers around 1950, only 194,500 remained in 2007. The annual decrease in Breton speakers by 8,300 cannot be compensated at present, leading to the crossing of the threshold of 100,000 Breton speakers in about a quarter of a century. The constitutional amendment in 2008, according, for the first time, an official status to regional languages in France, did not provide any real benefits either, except for a higher legitimacy for regional politicians and other actors of regional language movements to implement languagesensitive promotional measures. In this regard, the region of Brittany is a pioneer, as it has demonstrated a high commitment to the promotion of the Breton language since the mid-nineties. In this context, this paper investigates what possibilities exist for locallevel authorities and other strategic actors in the field to encourage the social use of a regional language in all domains of life. First, the sociolinguistic situation in Brittany is outlined and evaluated using secondary data. Second, a qualitative study (in-depth interviews) was conducted to provide further insights into the interdependencies between the different actors in the field of the Breton language policy, and revealed options for policy instrument development by regional governments. Institutional theory is used as a theoretical framework in order to assess distinct practices and instruments for promoting a regional language. Existing and frequently claimed measures are assigned to different forms of institutional work (e.g. mobilisation of support, imitation of best practices); they are performed by the stakeholders in the field and are aimed at boosting the social use of a language. From this institutional perspective, we observe intensive efforts by single persons, organisations and communities (institutional work) and solutions (institutions or socially accepted practices) for introducing institutional change. There is still additional and unused room to manoeuvre at the regional level and a lack of planning for operational implementation. The analysis shows that three forms of institutional work should be further developed in particular, namely: mimicry, theorising and educating. Educating is especially important as it translates into a demand for obligatory bilingual education in order to stabilise the number of speakers. Nonetheless, the motivation of the Breton population, when establishing a language policy for Brittany, should not be overlooked. This means that both top-down and bottom-up perspectives should be pursued at the same time

Phase 1 of the automated array assembly task of the low cost silicon solar array project

The state of technology readiness for the automated production of solar cells and modules is reviewed. Individual process steps and process sequences for making solar cells and modules were evaluated both technically and economically. High efficiency with a suggested cell goal of 15% was stressed. It is concluded that the technology exists to manufacture solar cells which will meet program goals

Gender Trespass and Masculine Privilege: “Male Trouble” in Jack Hodgins’s Spit Delaney’s Island

A question posed in the story "Separating," — 'Where is the dividing line?' — acts as a starting point from which to explore the dividing line between various sex/gender constructs in the collection of stories that makes up Jack Hodings's Split Delaney's Island. The differences between the ostensibly natural and the culturally constructed are explored in order to understand ideas and expressions of desire that are present in the stories in the collection. Using various recent theories concerning margins, peripheries, and centres to inform a reading of the stories in Split Delaney's Island allows one to explore and challenge what traditionally counts as viable notions of sexuality and desire. In particular, such an approach challenges notions of masculinity, male desire, and sexuality, or some combination of these. Hodgins's work challenges critics to expand and refigure modes of permissible literary criticism in Canada, particularly involving meanings of gender and masculinity

The effect of prior caffeine consumption on neuropsychological test performance: a placebo-controlled study

YesBackground: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the prior consumption of 200mg of pure caffeine affected neuropsychological test scores in a group of elderly participants aged over 60 years. Method: Using a double blind placebo vs. caffeine design, participants were randomly assigned to receive 200mg of caffeine or placebo. A neuropsychological assessment testing the domains of general cognitive function, processing speed, semantic memory, episodic memory, executive function, working memory and short-term memory was carried out. Results: Significant interaction effects between age, caffeine and scores of executive function and processing speed were found; participants who had received caffeine showed a decline in performance with increasing age. This effect was not seen for participants who received placebo. Conclusion: The results highlight the need to consider and control prior caffeine consumption when scoring neuropsychological assessments in the elderly which is important for accuracy of diagnosis and corresponding normative data