Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Type 1.3 Lena Triggers Conventional Dendritic Cells 1 Activation and T Helper 1 Immune Response Without Infecting Dendritic Cells

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an arterivirus responsible for highly contagious infection and huge economic losses in pig industry. Two species, PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 are distinguished, PRRSV-1 being more prevalent in Europe. PRRSV-1 can further be divided in subtypes. PRRSV-1.3 such as Lena are more pathogenic than PRRSV-1.1 such as Lelystad or Flanders13. PRRSV-1.3 viruses trigger a higher Th1 response than PRRSV-1.1, although the role of the cellular immune response in PRRSV clearance remains ill defined. The pathogenicity as well as the T cell response inductions may be differentially impacted according to the capacity of the virus strain to infect and/or activate DCs. However, the interactions of PRRSV with in vivo-differentiated-DC subtypes such as conventional DC1 (cDC1), cDC2, and monocyte-derived DCs (moDC) have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, DC subpopulations from Lena in vivo infected pigs were analyzed for viral genome detection. This experiment demonstrates that cDC1, cDC2, and moDC are not infected in vivo by Lena. Analysis of DC cytokines production revealed that cDC1 are clearly activated in vivo by Lena. In vitro comparison of 3 Europeans strains revealed no infection of the cDC1 and cDC2 and no or little infection of moDC with Lena, whereas the two PRRSV-1.1 strains infect none of the 3 DC subtypes. In vitro investigation of T helper polarization and cytokines production demonstrate that Lena induces a higher Th1 polarization and IFNγ secretion than FL13 and LV. Altogether, this work suggests an activation of cDC1 by Lena associated with a Th1 immune response polarization

Separated children seeking asylum in Ireland.

This report updates the first report of the Irish Refugee Council published in 1999, entitled Separated children seeking asylum in Ireland: A report on legal and social conditions. At the time of the publication of that report, there were 32 separated children seeking asylum in Ireland. The number of separated children seeking asylum in Ireland has increased markedly. By March 2003, the number of separated children, entering Ireland and referred to the North Eastern Area Health Board was 2,7172. Nearly half, or 1,113 children, were reunited with family members already in Ireland. 1,316 separated children, under the care of the Health Boards, have made applications for asylum under the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. Neither the Government nor non-statutory agencies anticipated this increase in the numbers of separated minors arriving in Ireland. Therefore administrative procedures and care services have had to be responsive to emergent needs rather than having developed through advance planning. This report aims to examine policy and practice with respect to the legal and social conditions of separated children in Ireland, in light of the Separated Children in Europe Programme’s (SCEP)3 ‘Statement of Good Practice’ (SGP). The Irish Refugee Council, a member of the Separated Children in Europe Programme, commissioned the report

Immunity Traits in Pigs: Substantial Genetic Variation and Limited Covariation

BACKGROUND: Increasing robustness via improvement of resistance to pathogens is a major selection objective in livestock breeding. As resistance traits are difficult or impossible to measure directly, potential indirect criteria are measures of immune traits (ITs). Our underlying hypothesis is that levels of ITs with no focus on specific pathogens define an individual's immunocompetence and thus predict response to pathogens in general. Since variation in ITs depends on genetic, environmental and probably epigenetic factors, our aim was to estimate the relative importance of genetics. In this report, we present a large genetic survey of innate and adaptive ITs in pig families bred in the same environment. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Fifty four ITs were studied on 443 Large White pigs vaccinated against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and analyzed by combining a principal component analysis (PCA) and genetic parameter estimation. ITs include specific and non specific antibodies, seric inflammatory proteins, cell subsets by hemogram and flow cytometry, ex vivo production of cytokines (IFNα, TNFα, IL6, IL8, IL12, IFNγ, IL2, IL4, IL10), phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation. While six ITs had heritabilities that were weak or not significantly different from zero, 18 and 30 ITs had moderate (0.1<h2≤0.4) or high (h2>0.4) heritability values, respectively. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between ITs were weak except for a few traits that mostly include cell subsets. PCA revealed no cluster of innate or adaptive ITs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results demonstrate that variation in many innate and adaptive ITs is genetically controlled in swine, as already reported for a smaller number of traits by other laboratories. A limited redundancy of the traits was also observed confirming the high degree of complementarity between innate and adaptive ITs. Our data provide a genetic framework for choosing ITs to be included as selection criteria in multitrait selection programmes that aim to improve both production and health traits

L'activité Intellectuelle dans le travail sur instrument

Leplat Jacques, Pailhous Jean. L'activité Intellectuelle dans le travail sur instrument. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 26 n°306, 1973. pp. 673-680

Conditions cognitives de l'exercice et de l'acquisition des habiletés sensori-motrices

Leplat Jacques, Pailhous Jean. Conditions cognitives de l'exercice et de l'acquisition des habiletés sensori-motrices. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 29 n°321, 1976. pp. 205-211

Quelques remarques sur l'origine des erreurs

Leplat Jacques, Pailhous Jean. Quelques remarques sur l'origine des erreurs. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 27 n°312, 1974. pp. 729-736

La taxonomie des tâches en psychologie du travail : quelques réflexions introductives

Leplat Jacques, Pailhous Jean. La taxonomie des tâches en psychologie du travail : quelques réflexions introductives. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 25 n°298, 1972. pp. 539-545

La description de la tâche : statut et rôle dans la résolution de problèmes

Leplat Jacques, Pailhous Jean. La description de la tâche : statut et rôle dans la résolution de problèmes. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 31 n°332, 1977. pp. 149-156

La mesure de la charge de travail par la technique de la tâche ajoutée

Leplat Jacques, Sperandio J.-C. La mesure de la charge de travail par la technique de la tâche ajoutée. In: L'année psychologique. 1967 vol. 67, n°1. pp. 255-277

L'acquisition d'un système de représentation est-elle rationalisable ?

Leplat Jacques, Pailhous Jean, Vermersch Pierre. L'acquisition d'un système de représentation est-elle rationalisable ?. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 28 n°315, 1975. Psychologie de l'enseignement programmé. pp. 398-409