Minimal two-sphere model of the generation of fluid flow at low Reynolds numbers

Locomotion and generation of flow at low Reynolds number are subject to severe limitations due to the irrelevance of inertia: the "scallop theorem" requires that the system have at least two degrees of freedom, which move in non-reciprocal fashion, i.e. breaking time-reversal symmetry. We show here that a minimal model consisting of just two spheres driven by harmonic potentials is capable of generating flow. In this pump system the two degrees of freedom are the mean and relative positions of the two spheres. We have performed and compared analytical predictions, numerical simulation and experiments, showing that a time-reversible drive is sufficient to induce flow.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, revised version, corrected typo

La libertà e la legge.

Traduzione di "Freedom and the Law" di Bruno Leoni (1961). La versione digitalizzata, per volontà della traduttrice e con l'accordo dell'editore, è disponibile sotto licenza CC by-sa. I diritti sulla versione a stampa, invece, sono stati ceduti alla casa editrice liberilibri

Réalité et imaginaire, le Japon vu par le XVIIIème siècle français

A partir de la mi-XVIe siècle et pendant près de cent ans, les lettres et témoignages offerts à l attention des lecteurs européens contribuent à créer un Japon textuel où viennent s entrelacer deux histoires : d une part, celle d un pays féodal et instable mais accueillant aux influences extérieures ; d autre part, celle d âpres rivalités européennes à la fois religieuses et économiques. Mais à partir de 1639, date de la fermeture du Japon aux pays occidentaux, et plus encore au XVIIIe siècle, cet entrelacs prend, par la force des choses, une autre forme, purement intertextuelle cette fois. Objet de la thèse, cette présence du Japon dans les écrits de langue française au XVIIIe siècle témoigne de l élaboration progressive d une topique qui tient lieu de connaissance en même temps que de support à un imaginaire japonisant . C est également sur fond de cette méconnaissance que sont parfois développés les thèmes chers à la réflexion philosophique des Lumières - la tolérance, la liberté religieuse, la justice, l obscurantisme et le despotisme -. Révélateurs du fossé sans cesse grandissant qui se creuse entre la réalité historique japonaise et la représentation qui en est faite par les lettrés français, les documents pris en considération se révèlent également riches en enseignements sur les pratiques d écriture - et en l occurrence de réécriture - des auteurs français, sur leur volonté de raisonner à l échelle du monde mais aussi sur la résistance que la pensée des Lumières opposait aux autres formes de pensée.With an interest in the origins of various representations of Japan during the Enlightenment, we have studied three centuries of Japanese history as they relate to the West. Even though in the eighteenth century China was of primary interest, some French authors refer to the Land of the Rising Sun in their texts. This was true even though there was no contact between Japan and the West at that time. Therefore, in order to write about Japan, they had to rely on older texts to obtain information. Because of the particular history of Japan, whose highlights we present, the first reports written by Europeans emanated from the pens of authors from different worlds. First of all Jesuits from Iberian countries (1549-1620) who were mainly concerned with evangelical activities in Japan, wrote about these activities and the difficulties of carrying out their mission. Then, once these missionaries were expelled from the country, Dutch Reformed Church traders, the only ones to live in Japan, offered information on the country. The various paraphrased texts of these authors, copied by the authors of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, religious and laity, were used to draw an imaginary Land of the Rising Sun according to the latter group's personal and religious opinions. Japan notably appears in the Encyclopedia of Diderot, and we also noticed that the French writers of the Enlightenment who speak of Japan offer a vision consistent with their way of thinking and their philosophy. They use some subjects about Japan to illustrate a particular theme related to their own philosophical interest.Somehow, whenever they expound on Japan, in the end they are expounding equally on France. Indeed, the issues they raise have a direct relationship with questions such as justice, tolerance, religious freedom, etc.DIJON-BU Doc.électronique (212319901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Plant Health and Rhizosphere Microbiome: Effects of the Bionematicide Aphanocladium album in Tomato Plants Infested by Meloidogyne javanica

The artificial introduction in the soil of antagonistic microorganisms can be a successful strategy, alternative to agrochemicals, for the control of the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and for preserving plant health. On the other hand, plant roots and the associated rhizosphere constitute a complex system in which the contribution of microbial community is fundamental to plant health and development, since microbes may convert organic and inorganic substances into available plant nutrients. In the present study, the potential nematicidal activity of the biopesticide Aphanocladium album (A. album strain MX-95) against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in infected tomato plants was investigated. Specifically, the effect of the A. album treatment on plant fitness was evaluated observing the plant morphological traits and also considering the nematode propagation parameters, the A. album MX-95 vitality and population density. In addition, the treatment effects on the rhizosphere microbiome were analysed by a metabarcoding procedure. Treatments with A. album isolate MX-95 significantly decreased root gall severity index and soil nematode population. The treatment also resulted in increased rhizosphere microbial populations. A. album MX-95 can be favourably considered as a new bionematicide to control M. javanica infestation

Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for the Rapid Assessment of Nutritional Quality of Different Strawberry Cultivars

Strawberry is the most cultivated berry fruit globally and it is really appreciated by consumers because of its characteristics, mainly bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. During the breeding process, it is important to assess the quality characteristics of the fruits for a better selection of the material, but the conventional approaches involve long and destructive lab techniques. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) could be considered a valid alternative for speeding up the breeding process and is not destructive. In this study, a total of 216 strawberry fruits belonging to four different cultivars have been collected and analyzed with conventional lab analysis and NIR spectroscopy. In detail, soluble solid content, acidity, vitamin C, anthocyanin, and phenolic acid have been determined. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models have been developed to classify strawberry fruits belonging to the four genotypes according to their quality and nutritional properties. NIR spectroscopy could be considered a valid non-destructive phenotyping method for monitoring the nutritional parameters of the fruit and ensuring the fruit quality, speeding up the breeding program

Identification and characterization of the sucrose synthase 2 gene (Sus2) in durum wheat

Sucrose transport is the central system for the allocation of carbon resources in vascular plants. Sucrose synthase (SUS), which reversibly catalyzes sucrose synthesis and cleavage, represents a key enzyme in the control of the flow of carbon into starch biosynthesis. In the present study the genomic identification and characterization of the Sus2-2A and Sus2-2B genes coding for SUS in durum wheat (cultivars Ciccio and Svevo) is reported. The genes were analyzed for their expression in different tissues and at different seed maturation stages, in four tetraploid wheat genotypes (Svevo, Ciccio, Primadur, and 5-BIL42). The activity of the encoded proteins was evaluated by specific activity assays on endosperm extracts and their structure established by modeling approaches. The combined results of sucrose synthase 2 expression and activity levels were then considered in the light of their possible involvement in starch yield

High Resolution He-like Argon And Sulfur Spectra From The PSI ECRIT

We present new results on the X-ray spectroscopy of multicharged argon, sulfur and chlorine obtained with the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Trap (ECRIT) in operation at the Paul Scherrer Institut (Villigen, Switzerland). We used a Johann-type Bragg spectrometer with a spherically-bent crystal, with an energy resolution of about 0.4 eV. The ECRIT itself is of a hybrid type, with a superconducting split coil magnet, special iron inserts which provides the mirror field, and a permanent magnetic hexapole. The high frequency was provided by a 6.4 GHz microwave emitter. We obtained high intensity X-ray spectra of multicharged F-like to He-like argon, sulfur and chlorine with one 1s hole. In particular, we observed the 1s2s^{3}S_1 \to 1s^2^{1}S_0 M1 and 1s2p^{3}P_2 \to 1s^2^{1}S_0 M2 transitions in He-like argon, sulfur and chlorine with unprecedented statistics and resolution. The energies of the observed lines are being determined with good accuracy using the He-like M1 line as a reference

Gestão da cadeia de suprimentos: análise do desempenho ambiental de fornecedores verdes por meio do método fuzzy TOPSIS

There is great interest from organizations in adopting sustainable practices to improve the performance of their supply chains. Environmental regulations, resource consumption and waste disposal are some of the factors that can influence decision making regarding the contracting of green suppliers. This study illustrates the case of a metalworking agricultural implements manufacturer looking to implement green supply chain management (GSCM) and select a supplier that meets specific environmental requirements. Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the environmental performance of three potential suppliers through the TOPSIS fuzzy multicriteria decision-making method and to select the best alternative. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to prove the robustness of the method used. The result shows the supplier A3  occupies the first place among the best sellers, demonstrating a strong environmental performance, especially in four criteria: environmental partners, green image, recycling and waste disposal.Há um grande interesse por parte das organizações pela adoção de práticas sustentáveis, visando melhorar o desempenho de suas cadeias de suprimentos. Regulamentos ambientais, consumo de recursos e descarte de resíduos são alguns dos fatores que podem influenciar na tomada de decisão quanto a contratação de fornecedores verdes. Este estudo ilustra o caso de um fabricante de implementos agrícolas do setor metal mecânico que busca implementar o gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos verdes (GSCM) e selecionar um fornecedor que atenda aos requisitos ambientais determinados. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em avaliar o desempenho ambiental de três potenciais fornecedores por meio do método de tomada de decisão multicritério fuzzy TOPSIS e selecionar a melhor alternativa. Além disso, é realizada uma análise de sensibilidade para comprovar a robustez do método utilizado. O resultado mostra que o fornecedor A3 ocupa o primeiro lugar entre os três fornecedores avaliados, demonstrando um forte desempenho ambiental, sobretudo, em quatro critérios: parceiros ambientais, imagem verde, reciclagem e descarte de resíduos

Haplotype affinities resolve a major component of goat (<i>Capra hircus</i>) MtDNA D-loop diversity and reveal specific features of the Sardinian stock

Goat mtDNA haplogroup A is a poorly resolved lineage absorbing most of the overall diversity and is found in locations as distant as Eastern Asia and Southern Africa. Its phylogenetic dissection would cast light on an important portion of the spread of goat breeding. The aims of this work were 1) to provide an operational definition of meaningful mtDNA units within haplogroup A, 2) to investigate the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of diversity by considering the modes of selection operated by breeders and 3) to identify the peculiarities of Sardinian mtDNA types. We sequenced the mtDNA D-loop in a large sample of animals (1,591) which represents a non-trivial quota of the entire goat population of Sardinia. We found that Sardinia mirrors a large quota of mtDNA diversity of Western Eurasia in the number of variable sites, their mutational pattern and allele frequency. By using Bayesian analysis, a distance-based tree and a network analysis, we recognized demographically coherent groups of sequences identified by particular subsets of the variable positions. The results showed that this assignment system could be reproduced in other studies, capturing the greatest part of haplotype diversity. We identified haplotype groups overrepresented in Sardinian goats as a result of founder effects. We found that breeders maintain diversity of matrilines most likely through equalization of the reproductive potential. Moreover, the relevant amount of inter-farm mtDNA diversity found does not increase proportionally with distance. Our results illustrate the effects of breeding practices on the composition of maternal gene pool and identify mtDNA types that may be considered in projects aimed at retrieving the maternal component of the oldest breeds of Sardinia.</br

Agronomic performance of 21 new disease resistant winegrape varieties grown in northeast Italy

The goal of the field trial was to evaluate the agronomic performance of 21 (10 red and 11 white) winegrape varieties obtained from recent breeding programmes for disease resistance developed in Hungary, Germany, and Italy. The tested red varieties were as follows: ‘Cabernet Carbon’, ‘Cabernet Eidos’, ‘Cabernet Volos’, ‘Julius’, ‘Merlot Khorus’, ‘Merlot Kanthus’, ‘Monarch’, ‘Prior’, UD. 31.103, ‘Vinera’. The tested white varieties were as follows: ‘Aromera’, ‘Bronner’, ‘Fleurtai’, ‘Johanniter’, ‘Muscaris’, ‘Souvignier Gris’, ‘Sauvignon Kretos’, ‘Sauvignon Nepis’, ‘Sauvignon Rytos’, ‘Solaris’, ‘Soreli’. ‘Merlot’ (red) and ‘Glera’ (white) were included as control. The experimental vineyard was established in Castelfranco Veneto on the plain, in 2014. Spray treatments were applied against downy and powdery mildew, by using only copper and sulphur. Grape production, grape quality, and phenology were recorded over a six-year-period, while disease resistance (downy mildew, powdery mildew, black rot and anthracnose) was detected only during a few years. The most significant findings were: a) all varieties showed a good level of downy mildew resistance, especially ‘Cabernet Carbon’, ‘Monarch’, ‘Prior’, UD 31.103, ‘Muscaris’, ‘Solaris’, ‘Souvignier Gris’, ‘Bronner’, ‘Fleurtai’, ‘Aromera’; b) no powdery mildew attacks were detected in any variety; c) ‘Monarch’, ‘Muscaris’, ‘Solaris’ and ‘Souvignier Gris’ also showed a high level of resistance towards black rot and anthracnose; d) red grape varieties had an earlier bud burst as compared to ‘Merlot’, and, concerning ripening, some varieties were earlier than ‘Merlot’, other ones were later; e) white varieties had a later bud burst but an earlier ripening time as compared to ‘Glera’; f) grape production and quality changed significantly depending on the varieties, being titratable acidity higher than 6.4 g L-1 tartaric acid and pH lower than 3.5; also the year affected in a significant way those parameters as well as the interaction between the genotype and the year. In conclusion, the tested varieties behaved positively in terms of environmental sustainability