PENYULUHAN TENTANG MENOPAUSE PADA PEREMPUAN LANSIA DI PUSKESMAS MINASA UPA

Menopause is the period of permanent cessation of menstruation after losing ovarian activity. Data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, in 2009, postmenopausal women in Indonesia reached 7.4%, and in 2020 is estimated to get 11.54%. The increase in the population of menopausal women is generally accompanied by various problems that impact the health and quality of life experienced by these menopausal women. Most premenopausal women worldwide do not know about menopause, even though knowledge is significant in shaping one's behavior. Women with knowledge related to peri/post menopause will be able to understand and be confident in dealing with problems that arise when changes occur. Health programs related to menopause have not received serious attention; women's reproductive health services at primary health care have been limited to maternal pregnancy check-ups, delivery assistance, and family planning services. One way to prepare women for this menopause is to change their cognitive abilities through counseling. This counseling can increase knowledge that can change health beliefs and improve the health behavior of postmenopausal women. The results of this counseling showed an increase in the average level of knowledge from the pre-test 56, and after counseling, it increased to 81.33. A significant increase of 25.33 (p<0.05) indicated that the counseling method effectively increased knowledge about menopause in poly prolanis women.  ---  Menopause adalah masa terjadinya penghentian menstruasi permanen setelah hilangnya aktivitas ovarium. Data dari Departemen Kesehatan RI pada tahun 2009 wanita menopause di Indonesia mencapai 7,4% dan tahun 2020 diperkirakan mencapai 11,54% dengan usia rata-rata menopause 49 tahun. Peningkatan populasi wanita menopause pada umumnya disertai berbagai masalah yang kompleks sehingga berdampak pada kesehatan dan kualitas hidup yang dialami wanita menopause tersebut. Sebagian besar wanita premenopause di dunia tidak memiliki pengetahuan mengenai menopause, padahal pengetahuan merupakan domain yang sangat penting untuk membentuk perilaku seseorang. Wanita yang memiliki pengetahuan terkait menopause akan dapat memahami dan percaya diri dalam menangani masalah yang timbul saat terjadi perubahan. Program kesehatan yang terkait dengan menopause belum mendapat perhatian serius, pelayanan kesehatan reproduksi wanita di Puskesmas, hingga saat ini terbatas pada pemeriksaan kehamilan ibu, pertolongan persalinan dan pelayanan keluarga berencana. Salah satu cara untuk menyiapkan wanita menghadapi masa menopause ini adalah dengan cara mengubah kognitifnya melalui penyuluhan. Penyuluhan ini mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan, mengubah keyakinan kesehatan dan meningkatkan perilaku kesehatan wanita menopause. Hasil dari penyuluhan ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan rata-rata tingkat pengetahuan dari pre-test 56 dan setelah dilakukan penyuluhan meningkat menjadi 81,33. Terdapat peningkatan yang signifikan sebesar 25,33 (p<0,05) yang menunjukkan bahwa metode penyuluhan efektif dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang menopause pada wanita poli prolanis

Ras GTPase-like protein MglA, a controller of bacterial social-motility in Myxobacteria, has evolved to control bacterial predation by Bdellovibrio

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus invade Gram-negative bacteria in a predatory process requiring Type IV pili (T4P) at a single invasive pole, and also glide on surfaces to locate prey. Ras-like G-protein MglA, working with MglB and RomR in the deltaproteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus, regulates adventurous gliding and T4P-mediated social motility at both M. xanthus cell poles. Our bioinformatic analyses suggested that the GTPase activating protein (GAP)-encoding gene mglB was lost in Bdellovibrio, but critical residues for MglABd GTP-binding are conserved. Deletion of mglABd abolished prey-invasion, but not gliding, and reduced T4P formation. MglABd interacted with a previously uncharacterised tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain protein Bd2492, which we show localises at the single invasive pole and is required for predation. Bd2492 and RomR also interacted with cyclic-di-GMP-binding receptor CdgA, required for rapid prey-invasion. Bd2492, RomRBd and CdgA localize to the invasive pole and may facilitate MglA-docking. Bd2492 was encoded from an operon encoding a TamAB-like secretion system. The TamA protein and RomR were found, by gene deletion tests, to be essential for viability in both predatory and non-predatory modes. Control proteins, which regulate bipolar T4P-mediated social motility in swarming groups of deltaproteobacteria, have adapted in evolution to regulate the anti-social process of unipolar prey-invasion in the “lone-hunter” Bdellovibrio. Thus GTP-binding proteins and cyclic-di-GMP inputs combine at a regulatory hub, turning on prey-invasion and allowing invasion and killing of bacterial pathogens and consequent predatory growth of Bdellovibrio

Coupling of protein localization and cell movements by a dynamically localized response regulator in Myxococcus xanthus

Myxococcus xanthus cells harbor two motility machineries, type IV pili (Tfp) and the A-engine. During reversals, the two machineries switch polarity synchronously. We present a mechanism that synchronizes this polarity switching. We identify the required for motility response regulator (RomR) as essential for A-motility. RomR localizes in a bipolar, asymmetric pattern with a large cluster at the lagging cell pole. The large RomR cluster relocates to the new lagging pole in parallel with cell reversals. Dynamic RomR localization is essential for cell reversals, suggesting that RomR relocalization induces the polarity switching of the A-engine. The analysis of RomR mutants shows that the output domain targets RomR to the poles and the receiver domain is essential for dynamic localization. The small GTPase MglA establishes correct RomR polarity, and the Frz two-component system regulates dynamic RomR localization. FrzS localizes with Tfp at the leading pole and relocates in an Frz-dependent manner to the opposite pole during reversals; FrzS and RomR localize and oscillate independently. The Frz system synchronizes these oscillations and thus the synchronous polarity switching of the motility machineries

A Bacterial Ras-Like Small GTP-Binding Protein and Its Cognate GAP Establish a Dynamic Spatial Polarity Axis to Control Directed Motility

Directional control of bacterial motility is regulated by dynamic polarity inversions driven by pole-to-pole oscillation of a Ras family small G-protein and its associated GTPase-activating protein

Exopolysaccharide-Independent Social Motility of Myxococcus xanthus

Social motility (S motility), the coordinated movement of large cell groups on agar surfaces, of Myxococcus xanthus requires type IV pili (TFP) and exopolysaccharides (EPS). Previous models proposed that this behavior, which only occurred within cell groups, requires cycles of TFP extension and retraction triggered by the close interaction of TFP with EPS. However, the curious observation that M. xanthus can perform TFP-dependent motility at a single-cell level when placed onto polystyrene surfaces in a highly viscous medium containing 1% methylcellulose indicated that “S motility” is not limited to group movements. In an apparent further challenge of the previous findings for S motility, mutants defective in EPS production were found to perform TFP-dependent motility on polystyrene surface in methylcellulose-containing medium. By exploring the interactions between pilin and surface materials, we found that the binding of TFP onto polystyrene surfaces eliminated the requirement for EPS in EPS- cells and thus enabled TFP-dependent motility on a single cell level. However, the presence of a general anchoring surface in a viscous environment could not substitute for the role of cell surface EPS in group movement. Furthermore, EPS was found to serve as a self-produced anchoring substrate that can be shed onto surfaces to enable cells to conduct TFP-dependent motility regardless of surface properties. These results suggested that in certain environments, such as in methylcellulose solution, the cells could bypass the need for EPS to anchor their TPF and conduct single-cell S motility to promote exploratory movement of colonies over new specific surfaces

Reversing cells and oscillating motility proteins

Cells of the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus organize into two types of patterns depending on their nutritional status, i.e. in the presence of nutrients cells form spreading colonies and in the absence of nutrients cells form fruiting bodies. Formation of both patterns depends on directed cell movements, which, in turn, depend on regulation of motility. M. xanthus cells harbor two motility machines, type IV pili and the A-engine, which act synergistically to generate motive force in the same direction. Periodically, the individual cells reverse their direction of movement. During a reversal the two motility machines switch polarity to generate force in the opposite direction. Recent evidence shows that at the molecular level, reversals involve pole-to-pole oscillations of motility proteins. Between reversals, these proteins localize to the cell poles to stimulate motility and in parallel with a reversal they relocalize between the poles. For two proteins, FrzS and RomR, which are part of the type IV pili and A-engine, respectively, it was directly demonstrated that they oscillate independently of each other but in synchrony, thus, providing evidence that the two motility machines switch polarity independently but synchronously. Protein oscillations are regulated and synchronized by the Frz chemosensory signal transduction system. The correct polarity of the motility systems is likely established by the MglA protein, which is a member of the Ras/Rac/Rho superfamily of small GTPases. In this scenario, MglA establishes the correct polarity of the two motility machines and the Frz-induced synchronized polarity switching maintains the correct polarity of the two motility machines