Fotoperíodo e temperatura na germinação de sementes de maracujá 'SCS437 Catarina'

The passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) propagates by sexual reproduction and presents slow and uneven seed germination. This work has the goal of identifying a temperature and photoperiod that provide greater germination of the cultivar SCS 437 Catarina. We used an entirely randomized experimental design in a 2 x 3 + 1 factorial: two temperatures (alternating between 20/30 ºC and constant 25 ºC) and three photoperiods (8/16 – 8 hours of light and 16 hours of darkness; 12/12 – 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness; and absence of light), and for alternating temperature, an absence of light treatment was added, being classified as neutral photoblastic, and at a constant temperature of 25 ºC made germination unfeasible, while the 20/30 ºC alternating temperatures provided an average germination of 75%. The seeds showed an indifferent behavior to light, and the temperature alternated with 12/12 h photoperiod was the ideal condition to promote a higher percentage of germination.O maracujazeiro-azedo (Passiflora edulis Sims.) é propagado por via sexuada e apresenta germinação lenta e desuniforme das sementes. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar a temperatura e o fotoperíodo que proporcionam maior germinação da cultivar SCS 437 Catarina. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 + 1: duas temperaturas (alternada de 20/30 ºC e constante de 25 ºC) e três fotoperíodos (8/16 - 8 horas de luz e 16 horas de escuro; 12/12 - 12 horas de luz e 12 horas de escuro; e ausência de luz), e para temperatura alternada foi adicionado um tratamento de ausência de luz, sendo classificadas como fotoblásticas neutras, e a temperatura constante de 25 ºC inviabilizou a germinação, enquanto a temperatura alternada 20/30 ºC proporcionou germinação de 75 %. As sementes apresentaram um comportamento indiferente à luz, e a temperatura alternada com fotoperíodo 12/12 h foi a condição ideal para promover maior percentual de germinação

Estudo de caso do uso da Realidade Aumentada no setor de EAD do CESUP

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo sobre o uso da realidade aumentada como ferramenta auxiliar ao vídeo educacional. Foram feitos experimentos dentro da estrutura já existente no CESUP/UFRGS (Centro de Supercomputação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) com câmeras controladas com joystick e através de uma mesa de apresentação de documentos. Foi produzido um vídeo de caráter exploratório e demonstrativo sobre o uso da RA (Realidade Aumentada) como tecnologia educacional para a criação de uma rede adicional para o Supercomputador do CESUP/UFRGS. Os experimentos mostram que o emprego da RA na área de educação e treinamento apresenta um grande potencial de auxiliar o processo de construção do conhecimento dos usuários

Estrutura da comunidade de invertebrados lóticos em um riacho da Mata Atlântica com influência antrópica

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Caracterização do óleo essencial de casca de tangerina verde extraído por métodos laboratoriais e industriais

This study aimed to evaluate the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of immature fruits of C. deliciosa varieties cultivated in Rio Grande do Sul using laboratory (hydrodistillation) and industrial (scarification) methods. During the period of industrial processing (scarification), fruits from the same batches were sampled for laboratory hydrodistillation. Essential oil yield and chemical composition were evaluated by GC/MS and GC-FID The average yield obtained was 0.07 wt.% (hydrodistillation) and 0.53 wt.% (scarification). EO yield followed a quadratic model regarding sample collection time in both methods, indicating an optimum time for fruit collection regarding EO yields. According to EO characterization, 24 different compounds were identified in hydrodistillation and 19 in scarification. The major compounds detected were limonene (66.5 –71.3 wt.%) and γ-terpinene (12.1 –18.4 wt.%), regardless of the extraction method. A greater number of compounds with content above 1.0 wt.% was found in the oil obtained by hydrodistillation. The scarification method provided greater extraction yield and a smaller number of compounds relative to the essential oil of mandarins extracted byhydrodistillation.Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o rendimento e a composição química do óleo essencial de frutos imaturos de variedades de C. deliciosa cultivadas no Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando os métodos laboratorial (hidrodestilação) e industrial (escarificação). Durante o período de processamento industrial (escarificação), frutos dos mesmos lotes foram amostrados para hidrodestilação em laboratório. O rendimento em óleo essencial e a composição química foram avaliados por GC/MS e GC-FID. O rendimento médio obtido foi de 0,07 wt.% (hidrodestilação) e 0,53 wt.% (escarificação). O rendimento dos OEs seguiu um modelo quadrático em relação ao tempo de recolha das amostras em ambos os métodos, indicando um momento ótimo para a recolha dos frutos em relação ao rendimento dos OEs. De acordo com a caraterização dos OEs, foram identificados 24 compostos diferentes na hidrodestilação e 19 na escarificação. Os principais compostos detectados foram o limoneno (66,5 - 71,3 wt.%) e o γ-terpineno (12,1 - 18,4 wt.%), independentemente do método de extração. No óleo obtido por hidrodestilação foi encontrado um maior número de compostos com teor superior a 1,0 wt.%. O método de escarificação permitiu um maior rendimento de extração e um menor número de compostos em relação ao óleo essencial de tangerina extraído por hidrodestilação

Large-scale filaments associated with Milky Way spiral arms

The ubiquity of filamentary structure at various scales through out the Galaxy has triggered a renewed interest in their formation, evolution, and role in star formation. The largest filaments can reach up to Galactic scale as part of the spiral arm structure. However, such large scale filaments are hard to identify systematically due to limitations in identifying methodology (i.e., as extinction features). We present a new approach to directly search for the largest, coldest, and densest filaments in the Galaxy, making use of sensitive Herschel Hi-GAL data complemented by spectral line cubes. We present a sample of the 9 most prominent Herschel filaments, including 6 identified from a pilot search field plus 3 from outside the field. These filaments measure 37-99 pc long and 0.6-3.0 pc wide with masses (0.5-8.3)$\times10^4 \, M_\odot$, and beam-averaged ($28"$, or 0.4-0.7 pc) peak H$_2$ column densities of (1.7-9.3)$\times 10^{22} \, \rm{cm^{-2}}$. The bulk of the filaments are relatively cold (17-21 K), while some local clumps have a dust temperature up to 25-47 K. All the filaments are located within <~60 pc from the Galactic mid-plane. Comparing the filaments to a recent spiral arm model incorporating the latest parallax measurements, we find that 7/9 of them reside within arms, but most are close to arm edges. These filaments are comparable in length to the Galactic scale height and therefore are not simply part of a grander turbulent cascade.Comment: Published 2015MNRAS.450.4043W; this version contains minor proof corrections. FT-based background removal code at https://github.com/esoPanda/FTbg SED fitting code at http://hi-gal-sed-fitter.readthedocs.org 3D interactive visualization at http://www.eso.org/~kwan

The Marine Mammal Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Organization

Sirenians share with cetaceans and pinnipeds several convergent traits selected for the aquatic lifestyle. Living in water poses new challenges not only for locomotion and feeding but also for combating new pathogens, which may render the immune system one of the best tools aquatic mammals have for dealing with aquatic microbial threats. So far, only cetaceans have had their class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) organization characterized, despite the importance of MHC genes for adaptive immune responses. This study aims to characterize the organization of the marine mammal class II MHC using publicly available genomes. We located class II sequences in the genomes of one sirenian, four pinnipeds and eight cetaceans using NCBI-BLAST and reannotated the sequences using local BLAST search with exon and intron libraries. Scaffolds containing class II sequences were compared using dotplot analysis and introns were used for phylogenetic analysis. The manatee class II region shares overall synteny with other mammals, however most DR loci were translocated from the canonical location, past the extended class II region. Detailed analysis of the genomes of closely related taxa revealed that this presumed translocation is shared with all other living afrotherians. Other presumptive chromosome rearrangements in Afrotheria are the deletion of DQ loci in Afrosoricida and deletion of DP in E. telfairi. Pinnipeds share the main features of dog MHC: lack of a functional pair of DPA/DPB genes and inverted DRB locus between DQ and DO subregions. All cetaceans share the Cetartiodactyla inversion separating class II genes into two subregions: class IIa, with DR and DQ genes, and class IIb, with non-classic genes and a DRB pseudogene. These results point to three distinct and unheralded class II MHC structures in marine mammals: one canonical organization but lacking DP genes in pinnipeds; one bearing an inversion separating IIa and IIb subregions lacking DP genes found in cetaceans; and one with a translocation separating the most diverse class II gene from the MHC found in afrotherians and presumptive functional DR, DQ, and DP genes. Future functional research will reveal how these aquatic mammals cope with pathogen pressures with these divergent MHC organizations

Changes of dust opacity with density in the Orion A molecular cloud

We have studied the opacity of dust grains at submillimeter wavelengths by estimating the optical depth from imaging at 160, 250, 350, and 500 μm from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey and comparing this to a column density obtained from the Two Micron All Sky Survey derived color excess E(J – Ks). Our main goal was to investigate the spatial variations of the opacity due to "big" grains over a variety of environmental conditions and thereby quantify how emission properties of the dust change with column (and volume) density. The central and southern areas of the Orion A molecular cloud examined here, with NH ranging from 1.5 × 1021 cm–2 to 50 × 1021 cm–2, are well suited to this approach. We fit the multi-frequency Herschel spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of each pixel with a modified blackbody to obtain the temperature, T, and optical depth, τ1200, at a fiducial frequency of 1200 GHz (250 μm). Using a calibration of NH/E(J – Ks ) for the interstellar medium (ISM) we obtained the opacity (dust emission cross-section per H nucleon), σe(1200), for every pixel. From a value ~1 × 10–25 cm2 H–1 at the lowest column densities that is typical of the high-latitude diffuse ISM, σe(1200) increases as N 0.28H over the range studied. This is suggestive of grain evolution. Integrating the SEDs over frequency, we also calculated the specific power P (emission power per H) for the big grains. In low column density regions where dust clouds are optically thin to the interstellar radiation field (ISRF), P is typically 3.7 × 10–31 W H–1, again close to that in the high-latitude diffuse ISM. However, we find evidence for a decrease of P in high column density regions, which would be a natural outcome of attenuation of the ISRF that heats the grains, and for localized increases for dust illuminated by nearby stars or embedded protostars