Adolescent but not adult-born neurons are critical for susceptibility to chronic social defeat

Recent evidence implicates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in regulating behavioral and physiologic responses to stress. Hippocampal neurogenesis occurs across the lifespan, however the rate of cell birth is up to 300% higher in adolescent mice compared to adults. Adolescence is a sensitive period in development where emotional circuitry and stress reactivity undergo plasticity establishing life-long set points. Therefore neurogenesis occurring during adolescence may be particularly important for emotional behavior. However, little is known about the function of hippocampal neurons born during adolescence. In order to assess the contribution of neurons born in adolescence to the adult stress response and depression-related behavior, we transiently reduced cell proliferation either during adolescence, or during adulthood in GFAP-Tk mice. We found that the intervention in adolescence did not change adult baseline behavioral response in the forced swim test, sucrose preference test or social affiliation test, and did not change adult corticosterone responses to an acute stressor. However following chronic social defeat, adult mice with reduced adolescent neurogenesis showed a resilient phenotype. A similar transient reduction in adult neurogenesis did not affect depression-like behaviors or stress induced corticosterone. Our study demonstrates that hippocampal neurons born during adolescence, but not in adulthood are important to confer susceptibility to chronic social defeat

Recent Advances on Nanocomposite Resists With Design Functionality for Lithographic Microfabrication

Nanocomposites formed by a phase-dispersed nanomaterial and a polymeric host matrix are highly attractive for nano- and micro-fabrication. The combination of nanoscale and bulk materials aims at achieving an effective interplay between extensive and intensive physical properties. Nanofillers display size-dependent effects, paving the way for the design of tunable functional composites. The matrix, on the other hand, can facilitate or even enhance the applicability of nanomaterials by allowing their easy processing for device manufacturing. In this article, we review the field of polymer-based nanocomposites acting as resist materials, i.e. being patternable through radiation-based lithographic methods. A comprehensive explanation of the synthesis of nanofillers, their functionalization and the physicochemical concepts behind the formulation of nanocomposites resists will be given. We will consider nanocomposites containing different types of fillers, such as metallic, magnetic, ceramic, luminescent and carbon-based nanomaterials. We will outline the role of nanofillers in modifying various properties of the polymer matrix, such as the mechanical strength, the refractive index and their performance during lithography. Also, we will discuss the lithographic techniques employed for transferring 2D patterns and 3D shapes with high spatial resolution. The capabilities of nanocomposites to act as structural and functional materials in novel devices and selected applications in photonics, electronics, magnetism and bioscience will be presented. Finally, we will conclude with a discussion of the current trends in this field and perspectives for its development in the near future.Fil: Martínez, Eduardo David. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche | Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche.; ArgentinaFil: Prado, A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche | Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche.; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche | Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche.; ArgentinaFil: Anguiano, S.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche | Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche.; ArgentinaFil: Tosi, Leandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche | Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche.; ArgentinaFil: Salazar Alarcón, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche | Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche.; ArgentinaFil: Pastoriza, Hernan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche | Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia - Nodo Bariloche.; Argentin

O problema de Snell-Pothenot

Os problemas de ordem prática na Matemática remontam praticamente ao seu início, mesmo ainda sem esta ser considerada como um corpo de conhecimentos. No caso da Geometria, a partir dos egípcios, com os problemas de medidas, ela tem se configurado como um ramo da Matemática com raízes eminentemente práticas. O termo “Geometria Prática” encontra-se apresentado sob dois aspectos: um relativo à atitude diante de um problema e outro ligado a um contexto educativo. O presente artigo é um recorte da parte histórica do trabalho de Santos (2020), com uma ampliação a respeito da Geometria Prática, sobre a qual visa apresentar um problema, conhecido como Problema de Ressecção ou, como é mais conhecido, Problema de Snell-Pothenot, em homenagem a Willebrord Snell (ca.1580-1626) e Laurent Pothenot (1650-1732). Trata-se de um problema de levantamento planar, em que são dadas as coordenadas dos três pontos  e , e um observador, em um ponto desconhecido P, que observa o segmento  sob um ângulo α e o segmento  sob um ângulo β. Busca-se determinar a posição do ponto P. E ainda, de forma inversa mas inteiramente análoga, determinar a posição do ponto P, a partir de observações feitas dos pontos A, B e C. A apresentação é composta de um histórico sobre Willebrord Snell, pontuando aspectos importantes de sua vida, bem como de situações em que o problema teve origem. Segue-se então uma discussão a respeito do Problema de Ressecção, para depois fazermos um apanhado sobre Laurent Pothenot.  Em seguida são apresentadas duas soluções desse problema, sendo uma delas classificada como moderna e outra como geométrica. O trabalho é finalizado com as considerações finais e referências

Diseño y simulación de un control neuronal aplicado a un convertidor flyback para la regulación de tensión

This article explains the design and simulation of a controller based on neural networks to regulate the output voltage of a flyback converter. Neural networks are used since they do not require a mathematical model of the converter, with the advantage of a greater operating range than traditional control methods. In the training process, changes were made in the database and in the neural network architecture to get a more appropriate controller that the guaranteed line and load regulation of the converter. The functional neural controller validation was made on Simulink with the circuital model of a flyback converter, putting it to changes of output load and input voltage. The results obtained show the effectiveness of neuronal control with its ability to regulate lines in a range of 20V to 50V, load regulation between 8Ω and 12Ω, and whose architecture is made up of four neurons.Este artículo presenta el diseño y simulación de un controlador basado en redes neuronales para regular la tensión de salida de un convertidor flyback. Se usan redes neuronales, ya que estas no requieren de un modelo matemático del convertidor, y, por tanto, se obtiene un mayor rango de operación respecto a métodos de control tradicional. En el entrenamiento se realizan cambios en la base de datos y en la arquitectura para obtener el controlador más apropiado, que garantice la regulación de línea y carga del convertidor. La validación del controlador neuronal funcional se realiza en Simulink con el modelo circuital de un convertidor flyback, sometiéndolo a cambios en la tensión de entrada y en la carga resistiva. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la efectividad del control neuronal para la regulación de línea entre 20 V y 50 V, regulación de carga entre 8 Ω y 12 Ω, y cuya arquitectura está conformada por cuatro neuronas

Diseño de un prototipo de sistema de realidad virtual inmersivo simplificado

This paper introduces the development of a low cost prototype of a virtual immersion system with two screens. The main implementation details are presented, so that the advantages and drawbacks from many physic assembly architectures. Three prototypes were constructed, one table system and the other two at real size. Thus, different tests were implemented with animations, which were created using a 3D modeling and animation software.Este artículo presenta el diseño y construcción de un prototipo de bajo costo de un sistema inmersión virtual de dos pantallas. Se describen los detalles más importantes de la implementación y se muestran las ventajas y problemas de diferentes arquitecturas posibles para el montaje físico. Se construyeron tres prototipos, uno de mesa y dos de tamaño real, sobre los cuales se realizaron diferentes pruebas con animaciones creadas en un software de modelado y animación 3D

Sanción jurídica para las cláusulas abusivas en el contrato de seguro

La reciente expedición de las leyes 1328 de 2009 y 1480 de 2011 relativas a la protección del consumidor ha supuesto un avance significativo en ese ámbito, escenario que trae nuevas realidades y cuestionamientos para la comunidad jurídica colombiana. Esta nueva reglamentación presenta un contenido importante relacionado con cláusulas abusivas, tema que se encuentra fragmentado en diferentes disposiciones legales y que no ha sido pacífico en la doctrina.Especialista en Derecho ComercialEspecializació

Global State Measures of the Dentate Gyrus Gene Expression System Predict Antidepressant-Sensitive Behaviors

Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine are the most common form of medication treatment for major depression. However, approximately 50% of depressed patients fail to achieve an effective treatment response. Understanding how gene expression systems respond to treatments may be critical for understanding antidepressant resistance. Methods We take a novel approach to this problem by demonstrating that the gene expression system of the dentate gyrus responds to fluoxetine (FLX), a commonly used antidepressant medication, in a stereotyped-manner involving changes in the expression levels of thousands of genes. The aggregate behavior of this large-scale systemic response was quantified with principal components analysis (PCA) yielding a single quantitative measure of the global gene expression system state. Results Quantitative measures of system state were highly correlated with variability in levels of antidepressant-sensitive behaviors in a mouse model of depression treated with fluoxetine. Analysis of dorsal and ventral dentate samples in the same mice indicated that system state co-varied across these regions despite their reported functional differences. Aggregate measures of gene expression system state were very robust and remained unchanged when different microarray data processing algorithms were used and even when completely different sets of gene expression levels were used for their calculation. Conclusions System state measures provide a robust method to quantify and relate global gene expression system state variability to behavior and treatment. State variability also suggests that the diversity of reported changes in gene expression levels in response to treatments such as fluoxetine may represent different perspectives on unified but noisy global gene expression system state level responses. Studying regulation of gene expression systems at the state level may be useful in guiding new approaches to augmentation of traditional antidepressant treatments

Redescription of three little known genera of Acanthosomatidae (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea) from South America

Se analizan los ejemplares tipo de géneros monotípicos y poco conocidos de Acanthosomatidae, Cochabambia Pirán (Ditomotarsinae) y Tunaria Pirán (Blaudusinae: Blaudusini) de Bolivia. Se redescriben en base a caracteres conocidos y nuevos y se discute su posición taxonómica. Tunaria es considerado sinónimo menor de Blaudus Stål, resultando la nueva combinación Blaudus andicola (Pirán) comb. nov. Por otra parte se describe por primera vez al macho de Pseudosinopla canaliculus (Reed, 1898) (Blaudusinae: Blaudusini).The type specimens of two monotypic and little-known genera of Acanthosomatidae from Bolivia, Cochabambia Pirán (Ditomotarsinae) and Tunaria Pirán (Blaudusinae: Blaudusini) are examined. Both species are described using known and new characters, and their taxonomic position is discussed. Tunaria is considered a junior synonym of Blaudus Stål. Consequently, Blaudus andicola (Pirán) comb. nov. is proposed as a new combination. On the other hand, the male of Pseudosinopla canaliculus (Reed, 1898) (Blaudusinae: Blaudusini) is described for the first time.Fil: Carpintero, Diego Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Carvajal, Mariom A.. Universidad de Magallanes; ChileFil: Faúndez, Eduardo I.. Universidad de Magallanes; ChileFil: Rider, David A.. North Dakota State University; Estados UnidosFil: de Biase, Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin

Ampliación del Vaso de Disposición No. 1 del Relleno Sanitario Quebrada Honda, Provincia de Arequipa

El relleno sanitario Quebrada Honda ubicado en la ciudad de Arequipa en el departamento de Arequipa Perú se encuentra funcionando y está próximo a cumplir su vida útil. Se realizó la celda para la ampliación del vaso de disposición No 1 del relleno sanitario en un periodo tiempo de quince (15) meses cumpliendo con toda la normatividad vigente que aplica para el proyecto a fin de que tenga una mayor capacidad de almacenamiento y su vida útil se prolongue mientras surge una solución definitiva. La comunidad de Arequipa cuenta con una adecuada disposición de los residuos domiciliarios generados como resultado de los quehaceres diarios, en donde se ha usado tecnologías sofisticadas que ayuden a mitigar los impactos negativos en el medio ambiente.The Quebrada Honda landfill located in the city of Arequipa in the department of Arequipa, Peru, is operating and is about to complete its useful life. The cell for the expansion of the disposal vessel No. 1 of the landfill was made in a period of fifteen (15) months, complying with all current regulations that apply to the project so that it has a greater storage capacity and its life. useful is prolonged while a definitive solution emerges. The community of Arequipa has an adequate disposal of household waste generated as a result of daily chores, where sophisticated technologies have been used to help mitigate negative impacts on the environment

Herbicide action in the severity of diseases in cultivated plants

A severidade de doenças em plantas pode ser afetada por práticas, como a aplicação de herbicidas para o controle de plantas daninhas. Por isso, objetivou-se apresentar e discutir a relação do uso de herbicidas na severidade de doenças de plantas cultivadas. Após contato, os patógenos tentam infectar e colonizar os hospedeiros, enquanto que estes também utilizam de mecanismos para se defender da infecção. Os tricomas, a cutícula e as ceras epicuticulares são barreiras à penetração. Compostos fenólicos, enzimas e fitoalexinas são substâncias sintetizadas pelas plantas e tóxicas aos patógenos. A ação herbicida influencia a severidade de doenças de maneira indireta sobre os mecanismos de defesa das plantas ou de forma direta, quando apresenta efeito tóxico aos patógenos. O efeito de adjuvantes presentes na formulação comercial dos herbicidas provoca degradação dos tricomas, das ceras epicuticulares e da cutícula, favorecendo a penetração dos patógenos. Efeitos prejudiciais na fisiologia e metabolismo secundário das plantas, provocados por herbicidas, afeta a síntese de compostos de defesa supracitados. Entretanto, as moléculas herbicidas podem inibir a germinação de esporos e crescimento de hifas fúngicas, o que implica na redução da infecção e colonização. Pontos necróticos decorrentes da ação herbicida podem tornar as plantas menos propensas à ocorrência de ferrugens, míldios e oídios que são causadas por fungos biotróficos. Os herbicidas ainda possuem efeitos secundários como a redução populacional de plantas hospedeiras alternativas e de insetos vetores. A relação entre herbicidas e severidade de doenças em culturas figura como importante ferramenta para o manejo fitossanitário de forma integrada.The severity of diseases in plants can be affected by practices such as the application of herbicides for the control of weeds. Therefore, we aimed to present and discuss the relationship between the use of herbicides and the severity of diseases of cultivated plants. After contact, the pathogens try to infect and colonize the hosts, which, in turn, use mechanisms to defend themselves from infection. The trichomes, the cuticles and the epicuticular wax are barriers against penetration. Phenolic compounds, enzymes and phytoalexins are substances synthesized by plants and toxic to the pathogens. The herbicide action influences the severity of diseases indirectly on the defense mechanisms of plants or directly when it presents toxic effects to the pathogens. The effect of adjuvants in the commercial formula of herbicides causes degradation of trichomes, epicuticular waxes and cuticles, favoring penetration of pathogens. Harmful effects on the physiology and secondary metabolism of plants, caused by herbicides, affects the synthesis of the above mentioned defense compounds. However, the herbicide molecules may inhibit the germination of spores and the growth of fungal hyphae, which results on the reduction of the infection and colonization. Necrotic points resulting from herbicide action may make plants less prone to the occurrence of rust, mildews and powdery mildews, caused by biotrophic fungi. Herbicides also have secondary effects such as population reduction of alternative host plants and vector insects. The relationship between herbicides and the severity of diseases in crops is an important tool for the phytosanitary management in an integrated way