Geography Matters : The Conditional Effect of Electoral Systems on Social Spending

There is a large body of research showing that the provision of social policies is higher under proportional electoral systems than under majoritarian systems. This article helps advance this literature by showing that the geographic distribution of social recipients plays an essential role in moderating the impact of electoral institutions on social provision. Using data from twenty-two OECD countries, the results show that majoritarian systems increase the provision of social spending when recipients are concentrated in certain regions. When levels of concentration are high, social spending in majoritarian countries can surpass levels of provision in proportional representation systems

Avocado firmness monitoring with values obtained by means of laser doppler vibrometry

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) ripeness is usually evaluated by destructive firmness assessment, yet quality is notorious for being heterogeneous within a consignment. This problem, which is especially true for imported avocado fruit, lends itself to searching for non-destructive methods for firmness evaluation. Firmness of objects can be analysed by impulse-response. This technique utilizes recording of a vibration signature and interpretation of the resonant frequency. In this study a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) was used for non-contact recording. The aim of this study was to show the feasibility of using a LDV to monitor avocado firmness. In order to create avocado batches of different homogeneity, three groups were treated with and without ethylene, inside or outside a box. After day 0 a third of the fruit were transferred into boxes (325 L) to be treated with ethylene for 24 h. A third was kept in boxes untreated and another third was kept on open trays. Avocado fruit cultivar ‘Hass’ were ripened at 18°C and measured on days 0, 2, 3, 4 and 6. Individual fruit were impacted once and two LDV measurements were taken simultaneously at the stem-end and seed-end. This was repeated twice around the fruit. Force-deformation measurements in compression mode were performed by means of uniaxial testing (Instron model 5542) on two opposite sides (day 0 n=8, then n=24 i.e., 8 per treatment/d). Significant differences were found between firmness of avocados over time and across treatments. Firmness decreased exponentially as expected (304.1 to 2.1 N) over six days. The LDV results showed significant differences between days, treatments and laser-location. The resonant frequency of the fruit decreased linearly until day 4 and then decreased more slowly (1671 to 476 Hz). On average, the frequency found at the seed-end of the fruit was higher than the resonant frequency at the stem-end. This is thought to be due to the seed itself, which could influence the vibration pattern. Resonant frequencies showed good correlation to the logarithm of firmness (r=0.87) and therefore were shown capable of monitoring avocado firmness

No puedes lanzar bolas de nieve sobre Zoom: una reflexión acerca de los desafíos del aprendizaje-servicio a través de plataformas online

COVID-19 has pervaded all aspects of higher education. Instructors are scrambling to ensure students meet predetermined learning outcomes through online communication and teaching. Students are trying to learn, collaborate, and communicate in new ways with fellow classmates and instructors. As `traditional´ service-learning activities shift to accommodate physical distancing measures and remote learning, and students wrestle with the seismic shifts in their socio-political, economic, and cultural lives, critical reflection is now more important than ever. In this article, we draw on their collective experiences to discuss the importance of establishing an open, honest, and trustworthy environment for students to thoughtfully and productively engage in domestic curricular service-learning endeavours. Specifically, we examine the challenges of facilitating service-learning reflection activities for a fourth-year undergraduate media studies course at Western University (Western), a large, research-intensive publicly funded institution in Canada. The article concludes by offering some key recommendations for how instructors can effectively engage students in critical reflection via online platforms.El COVID-19 ha invadido todos los aspectos de la educación superior. Los docentes se esfuerzan por garantizar que los estudiantes cumplan con los resultados de aprendizaje mediante la comunicación y la enseñanza en línea. Los estudiantes están intentando aprender, colaborar y comunicarse de nuevas formas con sus compañeros y docentes. A medida que las actividades de aprendizaje-servicio “tradicionales” cambian para adaptarse a las medidas de distanciamiento físico y el aprendizaje remoto, y los estudiantes luchan con los cambios en sus vidas sociopolíticas, económicas y culturales, la reflexión crítica es ahora más importante que nunca. En este artículo, nos basamos en sus experiencias colectivas para discutir la importancia de establecer un entorno abierto, honesto y confiable para que los estudiantes se involucren de manera reflexiva y productiva en los esfuerzos de aprendizaje-servicio curricular a nivel nacional. Específicamente, examinamos los desafíos de facilitar actividades de reflexión sobre aprendizaje-servicio para un curso de estudios de medios de cuarto año de pregrado en Western University (Western), institución financiada con fondos públicos de investigación en Canadá. El artículo concluye con algunas recomendaciones clave sobre cómo los docentes pueden involucrar efectivamente a los estudiantes en la reflexión crítica a través de plataformas en línea

Product assurance policies and procedures for flight dynamics software development

The product assurance policies and procedures necessary to support flight dynamics software development projects for Goddard Space Flight Center are presented. The quality assurance and configuration management methods and tools for each phase of the software development life cycles are described, from requirements analysis through acceptance testing; maintenance and operation are not addressed

Surface treatment of a polypropylene film with a nitrogen DBD at medium pressure

Surface treatment of polymer films is usually necessary to improve surface wetting and adhesion characteristics. Traditional liquid chemical processes have several disadvantages in contrast to dry finishing processes, like plasma technology. Dielectric barrier discharges at atmospheric pressure are extensively studied for surface treatment, however, almost no research has been done on surface treatment with a dielectric barrier discharge at medium pressure. Therefore, in this paper, a polypropylene (PP) film is plasma-treated with a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in nitrogen at medium pressure (5.0 kPa). The surface properties of the plasma-treated samples are examined using contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results show that the surface wettability is significantly enhanced after plasma treatment. The incorporation of nitrogen on the surface is significant (10 at%), demonstrating the ability of the used DBD set-up to generate nitrogen-containing functional groups on the PP surface. Nevertheless, a considerable amount of oxygen (10 at%) is incorporated onto the PP surface underlining the extreme reactivity of oxygen active species and the difficulty in overcoming the air contamination problem. Moreover, AFM analysis reveals that the nitrogen plasma creates large changes in the surface morphology of the PP film due to the selective etching of the amorphous regions of the polymer film

Design and construction of a flexible laboratory-scale mixing apparatus for continuous ethylene supplementation of fresh produce

The design and construction of a laboratory-scale apparatus for generating variable concentrations and flow rates of exogenous ethylene for fresh produce supplementation during storage trials is described. A stock of compressed ethylene in nitrogen (5000 μl l−1) was blended into a continuous flow stream of air and diluted to the desired concentrations. The ethylene and air flow rates were controlled with calibrated mass flow control valves. An empirical mathematical model was derived for real-time variation of both the mixed concentration and flow rate during continuous flow. Validation of the model was performed using fresh sweet potato as a case study where a steady continuous ethylene concentration of 10 μl l−1 was achieved for three months. The bespoke system offers easy-to-manage ethylene supplementation for research

The timing of exogenous ethylene supplementation differentially affects stored sweetpotato roots

The effects of continuous supplemental ethylene (10 μL L−1) timing on the physiology and biochemistry of sweetpotato roots during storage at 25 °C were examined. Alongside continuous ethylene or air treatments, a subset of the roots were transferred at dormancy break, from those previously stored in ethylene into air and vice-versa. The study showed distinctive ethylene-induced effects on the metabolism of individual sugars, phenolic compounds and phytohormones (abscisic acid and zeatin riboside) across the spatial gradient of the root flesh and skin tissues. Although ethylene flushing doubled root respiration, sprout growth was significantly suppressed. Supplementation of roots with ethylene after dormancy break effectively inhibited sprout growth as much as continuous ethylene alone. On the other hand, truncating ethylene application after dormancy release promoted vigorous sprout growth. After prolonged storage, ethylene treatment was associated with increased weight loss and incidence of proximal rots. Supplemental ethylene also accelerated the catabolism of monosaccharides, and promoted accumulation of phenolic compounds in the proximal root sections