The consistency of EU foreign policies towards new member states

This paper analyses the relation between transfers, migration and income levels. While European countries have been very generous by opening their frontiers to trade, investing in transition countries, and accepting as EU new members some of the latter, their migration policies were less liberal. The policy coherence debate is an old theme in the international economics literature, which is revisited here by looking at the relationships between aid and migration policies towards new member states. Are they substitutes or complements? What happens if eastern European labour markets conditions improve? In theory, potential migrants will stay home, and the concern of being invaded by skilled/unskilled workers searching for better conditions and higher wages in the old member states can be alleviated. But in practice, at low level or revenue in the origin countries, economic progress can result in lowering a budgetary constraint (potential migrants cannot afford the cost of moving), leading to more migration pressures. We therefore compute the critical level of GDP, above which an increase in European transfers and improvement in economic situation of the recipient country will not lead to an increase in migration pressures by decreasing the cost of moving. It amounts to 2837 $US for within European migration. We argue that this critical level is not the same for a skilled and for an unskilled individual. In other words, the critical revenue, under which a skilled individual with better opportunities abroad decides to migrate, will be higher than the critical revenue for an unskilled worker, who may be better off by staying home and looking for a job at home: US$15085 for the former, and US$ 4384 for the latter. This has an important implication, namely that in some cases, increasing financial transfers will result in increasing the gap between skilled and unskilled departures from countries suffering already from a brain drain phenomena.Aid, Migration, Foreign policy coherence, The consistency of EU foreign policies towards new member states, Economic Papers

CodY Regulates the Activity of the Virulence Quorum Sensor PlcR by Controlling the Import of the Signaling Peptide PapR in Bacillus thuringiensis

In Gram-positive bacteria, cell–cell communication mainly relies on cytoplasmic sensors of the RNPP family. Activity of these regulators depends on their binding to secreted signaling peptides that are imported into the cell. These quorum sensing regulators control important biological functions in bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group, such as virulence and necrotrophism. The RNPP quorum sensor PlcR, in complex with its cognate signaling peptide PapR, is the main regulator of virulence in B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt). Recent reports have shown that the global stationary phase regulator CodY, involved in adaptation to nutritional limitation, is required for the expression of virulence genes belonging to the PlcR regulon. However, the mechanism underlying this regulation was not described. Using genetics and proteomics approaches, we showed that CodY regulates the expression of the virulence genes through the import of PapR. We report that CodY positively controls the production of the proteins that compose the oligopeptide permease OppABCDF, and of several other Opp-like proteins. It was previously shown that the pore components of this oligopeptide permease, OppBCDF, were required for the import of PapR. However, the role of OppA, the substrate-binding protein (SBP), was not investigated. Here, we demonstrated that OppA is not the only SBP involved in the recognition of PapR, and that several other OppA-like proteins can allow the import of this peptide. Altogether, these data complete our model of quorum sensing during the lifecycle of Bt and indicate that RNPPs integrate environmental conditions, as well as cell density, to coordinate the behavior of the bacteria throughout growt

An Assessment of some of the Poisonous Plant Species to Animals found in Delta State, Nigeria

This study investigated some poisonous plants to animals in three communities viz; Ebor-Orogun in Ughelli North Local Government Area; Kwale in Ndokwa West Local Government Area and Ozoro in Isoko South Local Government Area, all in Delta State, Nigeria. Dried leaves, roots and tubers of Dennettia tripetala, Cola nitida, Dracaena marginata, Cucumis melo, Terminalia catappa, Persea americana, Manihot esculenta, Telfaira occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina were grounded to coarse powders and 16g of each powder was weighed into a conical flask.  Distilled water (120cm3) was added and the content was shaken and kept for 48hours at room temperature. Filtration of the extract was carried out using whatman No1 filter paper and concentrated using vacuum evaporator. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. The results revealed that there were nine (9) indigenous plants with poisonous effects to animals as reported by the community dwellers, among the selected plants and these include: D. tripetala, C. nitida, D. marginata and C. melo, T. catappa, P. americana, M. esculenta (tuber), T. occidentalis (root) and V. amygdalina (root). Qualitative analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, anthocyanines, cardiac glycoside, flavonoid, glycoside, phenol, reducing sugar, saponin, saponin, tannin and terpenoid in low, moderate and high level in the plants. The chemical quantification revealed the presence of tannin (26.90%, 22.95%, 27%) in C. melo, D. tripetala and C. nitida, saponin (13%) in N. laewis, cyanogenic glycoside (3.24mg/l, 1.11mg/l) in M. esculenta and V. amygdalina followed by hydrogen cyanide (0.76mg/l, 0.75mg/l, 6.41mg/l) in P. americana, T. catappa and T. occidentalisas the major cause of poisoning in the plants encountered.There is need for evaluation of the effects of these substances on the organs and systems of animals in order to ascertain the actual site of toxicity of these substances

The Reception of Women Pianists in London, 1950-60

This study investigates the reception of women pianists in London in the decade 1950-60, based on reviews published in three music journals, Music and Musicians, Musical Opinion, The Musical Times, and one national daily newspaper, The Times. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, women pianists, both amateur and professional, suffered from the notion that women were innately unable to engage with a superior art form such as music: thus argue scholars including Katharine Ellis, Richard Leppert, Ruth Solie and Judith Tick. Yet, such attitudes did not prevent a strong tradition of women pianists from being formed. In Britain, in the latter part of the nineteenth century, Arabella Goddard was at the forefront of the London musical scene; she was succeeded by Fanny Davies and Adelina de Lara and, later, Dame Myra Hess and Harriet Cohen, whose career successes came in the 1920s. While the situation of women pianists in Britain between the mid-nineteenth century and the late 1920s has been assessed by scholars such as Therese Ellsworth and Dorothy de Val, an in-depth study dealing with the reception of women pianists in post-WWII Britain has yet to appear. This study does not attempt to assess the technical or musical accuracy of the reviews considered; instead, it asks, what were the musical perspectives of the reviewers and, specifically, what were their views on women pianists? First, it presents six important critics, Frank Howes, Clinton Gray-Fisk, Sir Jack Westrup, Andrew Porter, Joan Chissell and Diana McVeagh, all of whom contributed to the four sources cited above. Then it assesses the extent of the prejudice embedded in the reviews examined (written by many more than the six above), which invoke such varied issues as masculinist repertoire and female anatomy. Following this, it examines the careers of six leading women concert pianists of the time: Dame Myra Hess, Harriet Cohen, Eileen Joyce, Gina Bachauer, Margaret Kitchin and Dame Moura Lympany. Their successes reveal the extent to which women musicians of the highest status were considered exempt from the prejudices to which others were subjected. It is hoped that such a study will illuminate aspects of musical life unique to London in the 1950s, partially fill the void in the historiography of women pianists in Britain after Davies, and also alert those women who perform, as well as all who listen and assess women performers, to the complex and often covert issues ‘beyond the notes’

PENGARUH KOMPONEN GREEN MARKETING TERHADAP PURCHASE INTENTION PADA GREEN HOTEL DI AREA JABODETABEK

Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh faktor-faktor green marketing terhadap purchase intention di green hotel. Hal ini menguji korelasi antara konsep-konsep berikut: environmental concern, environmental knowledge, dan purchase intention. Survei empiris digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis. Data dikumpulkan dari responden yang berlokasi di area Jabodetabek, dan pengolahan datanya dengan menggunakan software PLS-SEM. Temuan ini menunjukkan hubungan positif yang signifikan antara pendekatan green marketing (environmental concern, environmental knowledge, dan green purchase intention). Kemudian, pendekatan green marketing (environmental concern dan environmental knowledge) diharapkan dapat memberi pengaruh secara langsung dan signifikan terhadap purchase intention.  Studi ini menawarkan implikasi manajerial terhadap pengembangan perusahaan ramah lingkungan

LIÇÕES APRENDIDAS COM OS PROCESSOS DE MOBILIZAÇÃO SOCIALPROCESSOS DE MOBILIZAÇÃO NA COLÔMBIA DURANTE 2021

The processes of social mobilization have been consolidated over the years as a crucial category of analysis within the social sciences, since they represent the manifestation of the emotions of individuals, which are usually linked to the expression of nonconformity with political, economic or social systems, depending on the catalysts that motivate people\u27s mobility (Massal, 2021). Not surprisingly, with the advent of the 21st century, mobilizations have become increasingly frequent, using different means to organize people for a common cause -as has been the case of social networks since the strengthening of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)-. Consider, for example, the Arab revolts and the peasant strike in Colombia in 2013 (Massal, 2021).Los procesos de movilización social se han consolidado tras el paso de los años en una categoría de análisis crucial dentro de las ciencias sociales, toda vez que representan la manifestación de las emociones de los individuos, las cuales suelen estar vinculadas con la expresión de inconformidades frente a los sistemas políticos, económicos o sociales, según los catalizadores que motivan la movilidad de las personas (Massal, 2021). No en vano, con el advenimiento del siglo XXI las movilizaciones se han hecho cada vez más frecuentes, empleando distintos medios para organizar las personas frente a una causa común -como ha sido el caso de las redes sociales a partir del fortalecimiento de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC)-. Considérense por ejemplo las revueltas árabes y el paro campesino en Colombia para 2013 (Massal, 2021).Os processos de mobilização social têm se consolidado ao longo dos anos como uma categoria crucial de análise dentro das ciências sociais, pois representam a manifestação das emoções dos indivíduos, que geralmente estão ligadas à expressão de inconformidade com sistemas políticos, econômicos ou sociais, dependendo dos catalisadores que motivam a mobilidade das pessoas (Massal, 2021). Não é de surpreender que, com o advento do século XXI, as mobilizações tenham se tornado cada vez mais frequentes, utilizando diferentes meios para organizar as pessoas em prol de uma causa comum - como tem sido o caso das redes sociais desde o fortalecimento das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) -. Considere, por exemplo, as revoltas árabes e a greve dos camponeses na Colômbia em 2013 (Massal, 2021)

Implementation of Sustainable Tourism Principles in Sport Tourism: Sustainability Efforts by Pocari Run Organizers

Sustainable tourism has become part of the general desire of Indonesia’s tourism development. The industry continuously seek ways or avenues where sustainable tourism practices can be adopted in hopes to achieve the desired outcomes of sustainable tourism. One of the ways of looking for new avenues that can adopt sustainable practices is to look at the emerging sectors of tourism. An interesting lane of tourism that can do this is sports tourism. Sports tourism relationship with sustainable tourism has been studied prior with promising potential. This study explores the sustainability efforts around marathon events by the organizers added with the  participants point of view. For the research, this study will take the case study format focusing on Pocari Run. It puts forward the question whether event organizers are willing to implement sustainable tourism practices in their events and are aware sustainable tourism practices can be used as a tool for marathon events success and how it is impacting the participants. The methodology used in this research is a qualitative method, extracting insights from informants through in-depth interview directed towards Pocari Run Organizers. This study has found that the implementation of sustainable tourism practices have been implemented in Pocari Run events in accordance to previous studies. The implementation itself proved to be valuable in helping organizers develop a positive relationship with local stakeholders such as the local community and local government

Why royalties ? Evidence from French distribution networks

Working paper GATE 2011-02This empirical note deals with the contractual design of relationships in distribution networks. In the framework of agency theory, I study the royalty rate as an incentive device for the upstream firm in maintaining brand-name value, using recent French data to estimate probit models. The results are consistent with the analytical framework